<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104</id><updated>2012-02-16T04:42:25.052-08:00</updated><category term='judaismo'/><category term='biblicos'/><title type='text'>Judaismo</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Sricaitanya Das</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_aeFcQ2Gana0/S6czSO_XisI/AAAAAAAAFmQ/y5QznxjlMHo/S220/16818694.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104.post-2399975430887122752</id><published>2011-01-11T00:01:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-05T04:46:27.134-08:00</updated><title type='text'>rellenar</title><content type='html'>1&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4747365337829539104-2399975430887122752?l=judaismoglobal.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/feeds/2399975430887122752/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/ejemplo.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/2399975430887122752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/2399975430887122752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/ejemplo.html' title='rellenar'/><author><name>Sricaitanya Das</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_aeFcQ2Gana0/S6czSO_XisI/AAAAAAAAFmQ/y5QznxjlMHo/S220/16818694.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104.post-5764682428426786775</id><published>2011-01-08T00:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-08T02:15:29.123-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='judaismo'/><title type='text'>Sabbat</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table width="700" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt; 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   -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px #007d9a, 2px 2px #007d9a, 3px 3px #007d9a, 4px 4px #007d9a, 5px 5px #007d9a, 6px 6px #007d9a, 7px 7px #007d9a, 8px 8px #007d9a;  }&lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table width="700" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"&gt;Sabbat&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div id="bodyContent" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div id="siteSub"&gt;De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia  libre&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;Saltar a &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat#mw-head" linkindex="1106"&gt;navegación&lt;/a&gt;,       &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat#p-search" linkindex="1107"&gt;búsqueda&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="ambox-image"&gt;&lt;div style="width: 52px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Ambox_scales.svg" linkindex="1108"&gt;&lt;img alt="Ambox scales.svg" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/40px-Ambox_scales.svg.png" width="40" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="ambox-text"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Existen desacuerdos sobre la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Punto_de_vista_neutral" linkindex="1109" title="Wikipedia:Punto de vista neutral"&gt;neutralidad en el punto de  vista&lt;/a&gt; de la versión actual de este artículo o  sección.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;En &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discusi%C3%B3n:Sabbat" linkindex="1110" title="Discusión:Sabbat"&gt;la página de discusión&lt;/a&gt; puedes  consultar el debate al respecto.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" linkindex="1111"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shabbat_table_setting.jpg/220px-Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" linkindex="1112" title="Aumentar"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;La mesa puesta, lista para la cena de sabbat; se ve la copa del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidush" linkindex="1113" title="Kidush"&gt;kidush&lt;/a&gt;, los panes cubiertos y las  velas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;El &lt;b&gt;sabbat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_note-0" linkindex="1114"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (del  &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hebreo" linkindex="1115" title="Idioma hebreo"&gt;hebreo&lt;/a&gt; שבת, &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt;, "descanso")  es el séptimo día, así como el día sagrado, de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semana" linkindex="1116" title="Semana"&gt;semana&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" linkindex="1117" title="Judaísmo"&gt;judía&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;El sabbat se observa desde el atardecer del viernes hasta la  aparición de tres estrellas la noche del sábado. Según las  prescripciones de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" linkindex="1118" title="Torá"&gt;Torá&lt;/a&gt;, debe ser celebrado en primer lugar  mediante la abstención de cualquier clase de trabajo. El sabbat es en el  &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos" linkindex="1119" title="Ethos"&gt;ethos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADo" linkindex="1120" title="Judío"&gt;judío&lt;/a&gt;, es una señal de la relación  entre &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" linkindex="1121" title="Dios"&gt;Dios&lt;/a&gt; y el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_jud%C3%ADo" linkindex="1122" title="Pueblo judío"&gt;pueblo judío&lt;/a&gt;. La celebración del sabbat está  prescrita entre los &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez_Mandamientos" linkindex="1123" title="Diez Mandamientos"&gt;Diez Mandamientos&lt;/a&gt; recibidos por &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s" linkindex="1124" title="Moisés"&gt;Moisés&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Según el &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nesis" linkindex="1125" title="Génesis"&gt;Génesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 2.2 (texto de la  &lt;i&gt;Biblia&lt;/i&gt; escrito aproximadamente en el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_VII_a._C." linkindex="1126" title="Siglo VII a. C."&gt;siglo&amp;nbsp;VII&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C.&lt;/a&gt;):  &lt;i&gt;«vaYshbot baYom haShevi'i»&lt;/i&gt; (‘Y en el séptimo día Dios  terminó el trabajo que había hecho, y descansó  &lt;i&gt;[shevi]’)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="toc" id="toc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;div id="toctitle"&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Contenido&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Origen" linkindex="1127"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Origen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Etimolog.C3.ADa" linkindex="1128"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etimología&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Recordar_y_cuidar" linkindex="1129"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Recordar  y cuidar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Actividades_prohibidas" linkindex="1130"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Actividades  prohibidas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Violaci.C3.B3n_del_sabbat" linkindex="1131"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Violación del  sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Honrar_el_sabbat" linkindex="1132"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Honrar  el sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#En_los_juda.C3.ADsmos_conservador_y_reformista" linkindex="1133"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;En los  judaísmos conservador y  reformista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Importancia_del_sabbat" linkindex="1134"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Importancia del  sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#El_sabbat_en_el_mundo_no_jud.C3.ADo" linkindex="1135"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;El  sabbat en el mundo no judío&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Notas" linkindex="1136"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Enlaces_externos" linkindex="1137"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Enlaces  externos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" linkindex="1138" title="Editar sección: Origen"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Origen"&gt;Origen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" linkindex="1139" title="Editar sección: Etimología"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Etimolog.C3.ADa"&gt;Etimología&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;Sabbat deriva del verbo hebreo &lt;i&gt;shavát&lt;/i&gt;.  Aunque con frecuencia  se traduce como ‘descanso’ o ‘descansar’, otra traducción de estas  palabras es ‘cesar [de trabajar]’. La palabra relacionada  &lt;i&gt;shevita&lt;/i&gt;, usada en el &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo_moderno" linkindex="1140" title="Hebreo moderno"&gt;hebreo moderno&lt;/a&gt; con el  significado de ‘&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_laboral" linkindex="1141" title="Huelga laboral"&gt;huelga laboral&lt;/a&gt;’,  tiene la misma consideración al referirse, más que a la abstinencia  pasiva de trabajo, al acto de no trabajar. El concepto de cesación  activa del trabajo también es considerado como más coherente con una  actividad omnipotente de Dios el séptimo día de la creación.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" linkindex="1142" title="Editar sección: Recordar y cuidar"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Recordar_y_cuidar"&gt;Recordar y cuidar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg" linkindex="1143"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="158" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg/220px-Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg" linkindex="1144" title="Aumentar"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Judíos alemanes durante el sabbat, grabado del siglo XVIII.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;En la versión de los diez mandamientos del  &lt;i&gt;Deuteronomio&lt;/i&gt; 5:12-15, la palabra «acuérdate»  &lt;i&gt;(zajor)&lt;/i&gt; es sustituida por «cuida»  &lt;i&gt;(shamor)&lt;/i&gt;. De aquí se aprenden los dos principales  elementos de la observancia del sabbat: &lt;i&gt;recordarlo  y honrarlo por medio de rituales y cosas placenteras; y cuidarlo por  medio de la abstención de los trabajos prohibidos en  él.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" linkindex="1145" title="Editar sección: Actividades prohibidas"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Actividades_prohibidas"&gt;Actividades  prohibidas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;El &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" linkindex="1146" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;,  en el tratado «Shabat», capítulo 7, mishná 2, trae una lista de las 39  categorías de actividades prohibidas en sabbat. Éstas fueron  establecidas poco tiempo antes de la aparición del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" linkindex="1147" title="Cristianismo"&gt;cristianismo&lt;/a&gt; (periodo que los  cristianos llaman &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertestamento" linkindex="1148" title="Intertestamento"&gt;intertestamentario&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_note-1" linkindex="1149"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Estas  se derivan de los diferentes tipos de trabajo que eran necesarios para  construir el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabern%C3%A1culo" linkindex="1150" title="Tabernáculo"&gt;Tabernáculo&lt;/a&gt;, conocidos como  &lt;i&gt;avot melajá&lt;/i&gt;. Estas son:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;plantar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;arar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;cosechar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;atar  poleas  acanaladas&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;trillar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;aventar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;seleccionar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;moler&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;tamizar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;amasar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;hornear&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;trasquilar  lana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;lavar lana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;batir  lana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;pintar lana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;hilar  lana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;tejer&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;hacer dos  lazos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;unir dos hilos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;separar dos  hilos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;amarrar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;desamarrar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;coser&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;romper&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;atrapar  un animal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;matar a un  animal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;despellejar a un  animal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;curtir pieles&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;raspar  pieles&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;marcar pieles&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;moldear pieles&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;escribir dos o  más letras&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;borrar dos o más  letras&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;construir&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;demoler&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;apagar  fuego&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;prender fuego&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;tocar un  instrumento musical&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;terminar la preparación de un  utensilio nuevo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;transportar un objeto de áreas  públicas a áreas privadas y vice-versa, o cargarlo 4 cúbitos o más en un  área pública.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;De estas categorías principales &lt;i&gt;(avot)&lt;/i&gt; se  derivan otras actividades similares &lt;i&gt;(toldot)&lt;/i&gt;,  por ejemplo dentro de la categoría de hornear se derivan prohibiciones  de cocinar, freír, etc. Aparte de las actividades prohibidas por la  &lt;i&gt;Torá&lt;/i&gt;, existen algunas prohibiciones de origen &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" linkindex="1151" title="Rabino"&gt;rabínico&lt;/a&gt;, como el utilizar o mover un objeto  que se usa para trabajos prohibidos, al que se le llama &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="new" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muktze&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1152" title="Muktze (aún no redactado)"&gt;muktze&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;; y el pedir a una persona no  judía que haga un trabajo prohibido dentro de ciertas  circunstancias.&lt;br /&gt;La primera aparición de la palabra «sábado» en la  &lt;i&gt;Biblia&lt;/i&gt; se encuentra en &lt;i&gt;Éxodo&lt;/i&gt;  16:21-30, en relación con la milagrosa caída del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1_%28Biblia%29" linkindex="1153" title="Maná (Biblia)"&gt;maná&lt;/a&gt;  antes de la llegada de Israel al monte Sinaí. Se nota aquí que Dios  puso énfasis en la importancia del séptimo día de la semana como día de  descanso, al proporcionar una doble ración en el día sexto y nada en el  séptimo. Este «milagro» semanal comenzó el segundo mes después de la  partida de los israelitas de Egipto (&lt;i&gt;Éxodo&lt;/i&gt; 1, 14,  15), y duró 40 años, hasta el mes 1º (según &lt;i&gt;Josué&lt;/i&gt;  5:10-12; cf &lt;i&gt;Éxodo&lt;/i&gt; 12:2-11; 16:35), es decir, más de  2.000 sábados semanales sucesivos.&lt;br /&gt;Esta es una de las muchas transcripciones del cuarto  mandamiento:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em;"&gt;Acuérdate del día  sábado  para santificarlo. Seis días trabajarás y harás toda tu obra, mas el  sábado es el día de reposo del Señor tu Dios. No hagas ningún trabajo en  él; ni tú, ni tu hijo, ni tu hija, ni tu siervo, ni tu criada, ni tu  bestia, ni tu extranjero que está dentro de tus puertas. Porque en seis  días el Eterno hizo el cielo, la tierra y el mar, y todo lo que  contienen, y reposó en el séptimo día. Por eso, el Señor bendijo el  sábado y lo declaró santo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Éxodo&lt;/i&gt; 20:8-11, versión &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Valera" linkindex="1154" title="Reina Valera"&gt;Reina Valera&lt;/a&gt;, 1960. &lt;/div&gt;En el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sina%C3%AD" linkindex="1155" title="Monte Sinaí"&gt;monte Sinaí&lt;/a&gt;,  Moisés dijo que Dios había prescrito la observancia del reposo del  séptimo día con las palabras del cuarto mandamiento del Decálogo  (&lt;i&gt;Éx.&lt;/i&gt;  20:8-11). La palabra «acuérdate», con que comienza el mandamiento  relativo al sábado, no quiere decir que la observancia del cuarto  mandamiento es más importante que la de los otros 9, porque todos son  iguales (Jos. 2:8-11; Stg. 2:10,11). El pueblo de Dios tenía que  «acordarse» del sábado porque «en seis días hizo Jehová los cielos y la  tierra, el mar, y todas las cosas que en ellos hay, y reposó en el  séptimo día». (Gn 2:1-3,He 4:4) Quizás con esto le estaba diciendo al  hombre que ese día era un monumento recordativo del Creador y de la  creación.&lt;br /&gt;Aparte de los sábados semanales (&lt;i&gt;Levítico&lt;/i&gt;  23:3) la &lt;i&gt;Biblia&lt;/i&gt; menciona que había 7 shabats  ceremoniales por año, diseminados a lo largo del calendario  litúrgico:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;1 y 2) Los días primero y último de la fiesta de los  panes sin levadura (vs 7, 8).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;3) El Pentecostés (v  21).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;4) El primer día del séptimo mes (v  24).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;5) El Día de la Expiación (v 27). 6 y  7.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;6 y 7) Los días primero y último de la fiesta de  las Cabañas (vs 34- 36).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Los shabats ceremoniales podían caer en cualquier día de la  semana, y  de vez en cuando coincidían con el sábado semanal. Además de los  sábados semanales y anuales, cada 7 años había un año sabático, durante  el cual no se trabajaba la tierra (25:3-7). Cada 50 años se proclamaba  un jubileo, que duraba un año, durante el cual las propiedades volvían a  sus dueños originales.&lt;br /&gt;La preeminencia del sábado sobre los demás días de la semana se   acentuó en el ritual del antiguo tabernáculo y del templo mediante la  ofrenda de un cordero adicional (&lt;i&gt;Números&lt;/i&gt; 28:9, 10) y  de la renovación en ese día de los panes de la proposición  (&lt;i&gt;Levítico&lt;/i&gt;  24:5-8; 1 Cr. 9:32). De acuerdo con la ley levítica, la sanción que  merecía la violación del sábado era la muerte (Ex. 31:14-16), y a lo  menos se registra un caso de ajusticiamiento de alguien que violó el  sábado voluntariamente (&lt;i&gt;Números&lt;/i&gt; 15:32-36).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" linkindex="1156" title="Editar sección: Violación del sabbat"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Violaci.C3.B3n_del_sabbat"&gt;Violación del  sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Cuando los israelitas fueron cautivos de los babilonios,  creyeron que  era un castigo divino por algún pecado grave, y supusieron que había  sido la violación del shabat (&lt;i&gt;Libro de Jeremías&lt;/i&gt;  17:19-27). Tal como &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerem%C3%ADas_%28profeta%29" linkindex="1157" title="Jeremías (profeta)"&gt;Jeremías&lt;/a&gt;, el profeta &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezequiel" linkindex="1158" title="Ezequiel"&gt;Ezequiel&lt;/a&gt;  se lamentaba porque en sus días el sábado era ignorado en gran medida  (Ez. 20:12-24; 22:8; 26:23, 38). Al escrutar el futuro, Isaías previó la  conversión de los gentiles y prometió una bendición para quienes  guardaran el sábado (ls. 56:2-6; cf 58:13). Después del cautiverio los  judíos cayeron de nuevo en el descuido con respecto a la observancia del  sábado, y Nehemías impulsó una reforma con el fin de fomentar dicha  observancia (&lt;i&gt;Nehemías&lt;/i&gt; 10:31-13:15-22).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" linkindex="1159" title="Editar sección: Honrar el sabbat"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Honrar_el_sabbat"&gt;Honrar el sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Rebbehavdala.JPG" linkindex="1160"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="301" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rebbehavdala.JPG/220px-Rebbehavdala.JPG" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Rebbehavdala.JPG" linkindex="1161" title="Aumentar"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Rabino &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C3%ADdico" linkindex="1162" title="Jasídico"&gt;jasídico&lt;/a&gt; recita la  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdal%C3%A1" linkindex="1163" title="Havdalá"&gt;havdalá&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Hay varias maneras de honrar el sabbat. Una de ellas es  consagrarlo a su principio y su final. La &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidush" linkindex="1164" title="Kidush"&gt;kidush&lt;/a&gt; de la noche del viernes y la  &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdal%C3%A1" linkindex="1165" title="Havdalá"&gt;havdalá&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de la  noche del sábado.&lt;br /&gt;La havdalá se recita después de haber terminado el sabbat el  sábado  por la noche. Asimismo se recita sobre vino y se bendicen especias  (comúnmente &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canela" linkindex="1166" title="Canela"&gt;canela&lt;/a&gt; o &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavo_de_olor" linkindex="1167" title="Clavo de olor"&gt;clavo&lt;/a&gt;),  así como una vela. Habiéndose concluido la havdalá, no se procede a la  bendición del pan, pues no necesita decirse al principio de una  comida.&lt;br /&gt;Otro mandamiento, de carácter rabínico, para honrar el sabbat  es el &lt;a class="new" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encendido_de_velas&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1168" title="Encendido de velas (aún no redactado)"&gt;encendido  de velas&lt;/a&gt;  antes de iniciar el sabbat, el viernes por la tarde. Este mandamiento  fue hecho preferentemente para la mujer, aunque en caso de no haber  ninguna mujer en la casa puede hacerlo un varón. Se acostumbra prender  un mínimo de dos velas, aunque se llegan a prender más según diferentes  costumbres.&lt;br /&gt;Otras maneras de honrar el sabbat es comiendo y vistiendo de  una  manera agradable. Se suele comer pescado, así como carne en las comidas  de sabbat y comida caliente (que se ha dejado calentando desde antes del  sabbat según las leyes apropiadas). Se acostumbra comer 3 comidas en  sabbat (a diferencia de la costumbre de comer 2 comidas al día en la  antigüedad). Para cumplir con este precepto se prepara una comida ligera  llamada &lt;i&gt;seuda shelishit&lt;/i&gt; (tercera comida) en hebreo o  bien &lt;i&gt;shalosh seudos&lt;/i&gt; en &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidis" linkindex="1169" title="Yidis"&gt;yidis&lt;/a&gt;. En las comidas de sabbat se acostumbra  a cantar canciones tradicionales llamadas &lt;i&gt;zemirot&lt;/i&gt;,  así como canciones jasídicas.&lt;br /&gt;Se suele usar ropa limpia en sabbat, y antiguamente se  acostumbraba a  usar prendas blancas. Hoy en día esto es inusual. Los varones &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico" linkindex="1170" title="Judaísmo jasídico"&gt;jasidíes&lt;/a&gt; visten de manera  especial, con un sombrero de piel llamado &lt;i&gt;shtraimel&lt;/i&gt; y  un saco largo de seda llamado &lt;i&gt;bekishe&lt;/i&gt;. En algunas  otras comunidades se usa vestimenta formal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" linkindex="1171" title="Editar sección: En los judaísmos conservador y reformista"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="En_los_juda.C3.ADsmos_conservador_y_reformista"&gt;En los judaísmos  conservador y reformista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;En teoría el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_conservador" linkindex="1172" title="Judaísmo conservador"&gt;judaísmo conservador&lt;/a&gt;  difiere muy poco del ortodoxo en lo que refiere a la observancia del  sabbat. Por muchos años, el movimiento conservador permitió, a  diferencia de la ortodoxia, el viajar en automóvil para trasladarse a la  sinagoga cuando la distancia era demasiado grande, aunque esta postura  ya ha sido retractada. El judaísmo conservador, a diferencia de los  ortodoxos, autoriza el uso de luz eléctrica argumentado que no involucra  fuego, lo que sí tiene cierto precedente en la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaj%C3%A1" linkindex="1173" title="Halajá"&gt;Halajá&lt;/a&gt;.  A su vez el movimiento reformista reconoce la observancia del sabbat  ortodoxo, solo que cada individuo puede decidir si seguirlo o  no.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" linkindex="1174" title="Editar sección: Importancia del sabbat"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Importancia_del_sabbat"&gt;Importancia del  sabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg" linkindex="1175"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg/220px-Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg" linkindex="1176" title="Aumentar"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;El &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_los_Lamentos" linkindex="1177" title="Muro de los Lamentos"&gt;Muro de los  Lamentos&lt;/a&gt; durante el sabbat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;La práctica del sabbat es una de las más representativas  costumbres &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" linkindex="1178" title="Judaísmo"&gt;judías&lt;/a&gt;.  El sabbat, lejos de ser solo un día dedicado al rezo, es un día de  descanso y, potencialmente, de enriquecimiento espiritual. El famoso  escritor polaco &lt;a class="new" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajad_Ha%27am&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1179" title="Ajad Ha'am (aún no redactado)"&gt;Ajad  Ha'am&lt;/a&gt; dijo: «Más que guardar Israel el sabbat, el sabbat ha  guardado a Israel».&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidad" linkindex="1180" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidad"&gt;cita&amp;nbsp;requerida&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Con  el correr del tiempo, la práctica y conservación del sabbat se hizo el  símbolo para el cuidado de los preceptos del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" linkindex="1181" title="Judaísmo"&gt;judaísmo&lt;/a&gt;. Durante la larga historia del  pueblo &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADo" linkindex="1182" title="Judío"&gt;judío&lt;/a&gt;,  los judíos han enfatizado el cuidado del sabbat. Aun así el sabbat se  puede violar para salvar la vida, por lo que algunas acciones  normalmente prohibidas se permiten a personal médico, servicios de  seguridad y en ocasión de una emergencia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" linkindex="1183" title="Editar sección: El sabbat en el mundo no judío"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="El_sabbat_en_el_mundo_no_jud.C3.ADo"&gt;El sabbat en el mundo no  judío&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Tomando como base al &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo" linkindex="1184" title="Judaísmo"&gt;judaísmo&lt;/a&gt;,  se aceptó la idea de un día de descanso y observancia religiosa en las  otras religiones monoteístas, aunque sea el domingo en el caso del  cristianismo o el viernes en el caso del islam. Si bien el sábado &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano" linkindex="1185" title="Cristiano"&gt;cristiano&lt;/a&gt; y el sabbat judío mantienen  cierta similitud, no es correcto pensar que son lo mismo. En &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_espa%C3%B1ol" linkindex="1186" title="Idioma español"&gt;español&lt;/a&gt;, sabbat puede entenderse como sinónimo del  &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1bado" linkindex="1187" title="Sábado"&gt;sábado&lt;/a&gt;. De hecho el término proviene del  &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn" linkindex="1188" title="Latín"&gt;latín&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;sabbatum&lt;/i&gt;, y éste su  vez del hebreo &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt;. Para los &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Adventista_del_S%C3%A9ptimo_D%C3%ADa" linkindex="1189" title="Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día"&gt;Adventistas del Séptimo  Día&lt;/a&gt; el sábado no ha dejado de ser el «día de  reposo»:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em;"&gt;El bondadoso Creador,   después de los seis días de la creación, descansó el séptimo día e  instituyó el sábado para todas las personas, como recordativo de la  Creación. El cuarto mandamiento de la inmutable ley de Dios requiere la  observancia de este sábado del séptimo día como día de descanso,  adoración y ministerio, en armonía con la enseñanza y práctica de Jesús,  el señor del sábado.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_note-2" linkindex="1190"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Es  muy importante recordar que el cristianismo tiene su base en el  judaísmo, y que Jesús guardaba el sábado. El mismo apóstol Pablo iba los  sábados a las sinagogas en sábado para ganar discípulos a Cristo, sin  embargo la observancia del día sábado continua inmutable a través de la  historia del cristianismo. Revisando el texto de la &lt;i&gt;Epístola a  los hebreos&lt;/i&gt;, es posible percatarse de la observancia del día  santo judío:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em;"&gt;Por tanto, queda un  reposo  para el pueblo de Dios, porque el que ha entrado en su reposo, también  ha reposado de sus obras, como Dios de las suyas. Procuremos, pues,  entrar en aquel reposo, para que ninguno caiga en semejante ejemplo de  desobediencia.&lt;br /&gt;Pablo de Tarso, &lt;i&gt;Hebreos&lt;/i&gt; 4:9-11 &lt;/div&gt;Además de las reuniones que eran hechas en sábado había  reuniones en  otros días donde se presentaba la predicación del evangelio a los  gentiles. De esto atestigua &lt;i&gt;Hechos de los apóstoles&lt;/i&gt;  20:7. Esta  práctica se mantiene hasta el día de hoy, donde es posible reunirse ya  sea en iglesias cristianas como en sinagogas judías.&lt;br /&gt;Contraria a esta base doctrinal de Dios, que es mantenida por  Jesús  en Mateo 5:17-18 (donde da completa y absoluta validez a la ley de Dios)  se utiliza el versículo encontrado en Colosenses 2:16 fuera del  contexto de su aplicación: «Por tanto, nadie os critique en asuntos de  comida o de bebida, o en cuanto a días de fiesta, luna nueva o sábados».  Que al ser vista en contexto declara la soberanía de nuestro Señor  Jesús como única autoridad y por ende, Él permite a cualquier hermano  oficiar de su parte, cualquier festividad, sábado o bendición de  comidas, dado que la misma ley de Dios muestra lo bueno para comer. Este  punto particular lo encontramos en el &lt;i&gt;Libro de  Ezequiel&lt;/i&gt;, donde únicamente una persona con autoridad rabínica o  de gobierno israelí podía oficiar alguno de los ritos  comentados:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em;"&gt;Pero al gobernante  corresponderá proveer para el holocausto, el sacrificio y la libación en  las fiestas solemnes, en las lunas nuevas, en los sábados y en todas  las fiestas de la casa de Israel; él dispondrá la expiación, la ofrenda,  el holocausto y las ofrendas de paz, para hacer expiación por la casa  de Israel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profeta_Ezequiel" linkindex="1191" title="Profeta Ezequiel"&gt;profeta  Ezequiel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Ezequiel&lt;/i&gt; 45:17 &lt;/div&gt;Hay un gran cuerpo de legislación sobre el descanso dominical  lado a lado con la eclesiástica. Comienza con un edicto de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino" linkindex="1192" title="Constantino"&gt;Constantino&lt;/a&gt;,  el primer emperador cristiano, quien prohibió a los jueces celebrar  sesiones y a la gente trabajar en domingo. Él hizo una excepción a favor  de la agricultura. El violar la «ley del descanso dominical» era  castigada por la legislación anglosajona en Inglaterra como otros  crímenes y delitos menos graves.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_note-3" linkindex="1193"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=10" linkindex="1194" title="Editar sección: Notas"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Notas"&gt;Notas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;Cuenta la tradición que al entrar el Shabat el judío recibe un  espíritu agregado, "Neshama ieterá" que lo acompañará durante toda la  jornada sabática y retornará con la llegada del próximo Shabat. El judío  se prepara para el Shabat, su casa reluce, la cena está preparada con  anterioridad, el espíritu sabático se percibe en todos sus sentidos. Al  caer la tarde del viernes, todos están bañados y limpios, con ropas  festivas, listos para recibirlo. La bendición de las velas en el hogar  por parte de las mujeres de la familia marca la entrada del Shabat y su  dimensión. Para comprender el verdadero significado del Shabat y la  fuerte "atracción" que éste ejerce sobre un judío, debe  vivirse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="listaref references-small"&gt;&lt;ol class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_ref-0" linkindex="1195"&gt;↑&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span class="citation"&gt;«&lt;a class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&amp;amp;LEMA=sabbat" linkindex="1196" rel="nofollow"&gt;sabbat&lt;/a&gt;»,  &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola" linkindex="1197" title="Diccionario de la lengua española"&gt;Diccionario de la lengua  española&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (vigésima segunda edición), &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" linkindex="1198" title="Real Academia Española"&gt;Real Academia Española&lt;/a&gt;,  2001&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;, &lt;a class="external free" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&amp;amp;LEMA=sabbat" linkindex="1199" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&amp;amp;LEMA=sabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;, consultado el 19 de septiembre de  2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=sabbat&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BDiccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.edition=vig%C3%A9sima+segunda&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BReal+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdraeI%2FSrvltConsulta%3FTIPO_BUS%3D3%26LEMA%3Dsabbat&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/es.wikipedia.org:Sabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_ref-1" linkindex="1200"&gt;↑&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="new" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_H._Horn&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1201" title="Siegfried H. Horn (aún no redactado)"&gt;Siegfried  H. Horn&lt;/a&gt;, y &lt;a class="new" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_F._Neufeld&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1202" title="Don F. Neufeld (aún no redactado)"&gt;Don F.  Neufeld&lt;/a&gt; (editor): &lt;i&gt;Diccionario bíblico adventista del  séptimo día&lt;/i&gt; (pág.&amp;nbsp;1018), en español. Asociación Casa  Editora Sudamericana, 2002); &lt;a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9505735308" linkindex="1203"&gt;ISBN  950-573-530-8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_ref-2" linkindex="1204"&gt;↑&lt;/a&gt; Asociación General de la Iglesia  Adventista del Séptimo Día (2006). «&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.adventistas.ec/iglesia/creencias.php" linkindex="1205" rel="nofollow"&gt;Creencias fundamentales de la Iglesia Adventista  del Séptimo Día&lt;/a&gt;». Consultado el 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#cite_ref-3" linkindex="1206"&gt;↑&lt;/a&gt; Enciclopedia  católica (2000). «&lt;a class="external text" href="http://ec.aciprensa.com/d/domingo.htm" linkindex="1207" rel="nofollow"&gt;Domingo&lt;/a&gt;». Consultado  el 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11" linkindex="1208" title="Editar sección: Enlaces externos"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Enlaces_externos"&gt;Enlaces externos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Commons-logo.svg" linkindex="1209" title="Colabora en Commons."&gt;&lt;img alt="Colabora en Commons." height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" linkindex="1210" title="Wikimedia Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; alberga contenido multimedia  sobre &lt;b&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shabbat" linkindex="1211" title="commons:Category:Shabbat"&gt;Sabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;span class="interProject"&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shabbat" linkindex="1212" title="commons:Category:Shabbat"&gt;Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.aishlatino.com/shabat" linkindex="1213" rel="nofollow"&gt;AishLatino.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.jabad.org.ar/Shabat.asp" linkindex="1214" rel="nofollow"&gt;Jabad.org.ar&lt;/a&gt; (Jabad Lubavitch  Argentina).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.judaismovirtual.com/preguntas/d_dindex_shabat.htm" linkindex="1215" rel="nofollow"&gt;JudaismoVirtual.com&lt;/a&gt;  (respuestas sobre el shabat).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="destacado" id="de" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="printfooter"&gt;Obtenido de "&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1216"&gt;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="catlinks" id="catlinks"&gt;&lt;div id="mw-normal-catlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" linkindex="1217" title="Especial:Categorías"&gt;Categorías&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Festividades_jud%C3%ADas" linkindex="1218" title="Categoría:Festividades judías"&gt;Festividades  judías&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Juda%C3%ADsmo" linkindex="1219" title="Categoría:Judaísmo"&gt;Judaísmo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="mw-hidden-cats-hidden" id="mw-hidden-catlinks"&gt;Categorías  ocultas: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:No_neutral" linkindex="1220" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:No neutral"&gt;Wikipedia:No  neutral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 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title="Apóyenos"&gt;Donaciones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-bug_in_article"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Informes_de_error" linkindex="1236"&gt;Notificar  un error&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="portal expanded" id="p-coll-print_export"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="2"&gt;Imprimir/exportar&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body" style="display: block;"&gt;&lt;ul id="collectionPortletList"&gt;&lt;li id="coll-create_a_book"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&amp;amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;amp;referer=Sabbat" linkindex="1237" rel="nofollow" title="Crear un libro o colección de página"&gt;Crear un  libro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="coll-download-as-rl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&amp;amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;amp;arttitle=Sabbat&amp;amp;oldid=42150809&amp;amp;writer=rl" linkindex="1238" rel="nofollow" title="Descargar una versión PDF de esta página wiki"&gt;Descargar como PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-print"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="p" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;printable=yes" linkindex="1239" title="Versión imprimible de la página [alt-shift-p]"&gt;Versión para imprimir&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal collapsed" id="p-tb"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="3"&gt;Herramientas&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="t-whatlinkshere"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="j" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Sabbat" linkindex="1240" title="Lista de todas las páginas del wiki que enlazan con ésta [alt-shift-j]"&gt;Lo que enlaza  aquí&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-recentchangeslinked"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="k" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Sabbat" linkindex="1241" title="Cambios recientes en las páginas que enlazan con ésta [alt-shift-k]"&gt;Cambios en  enlazadas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-upload"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="u" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Upload/es" linkindex="1242" title="Subir imágenes o archivos multimedia [alt-shift-u]"&gt;Subir  archivo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-specialpages"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="q" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasEspeciales" linkindex="1243" title="Lista de todas las páginas especiales [alt-shift-q]"&gt;Páginas especiales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-permalink"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabbat&amp;amp;oldid=42150809" linkindex="1244" title="Enlace permanente a esta versión de la página"&gt;Enlace  permanente&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-cite"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&amp;amp;page=Sabbat&amp;amp;id=42150809" linkindex="1245" title="Información de cómo citar esta página"&gt;Citar este  artículo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portlet portal collapsed"&gt;&lt;h5 lang="es" tabindex="4"&gt;Otros proyectos&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="pBody body"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shabbat" linkindex="1246" title="commons:Category:Shabbat"&gt;Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="5"&gt;En otros idiomas&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body" style="display: block;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-als"&gt;&lt;a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabbat" linkindex="1247" title="Schabbat"&gt;Alemannisch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ba"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" linkindex="1248" title="Шаббат"&gt;Башҡорт&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bat-smg"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abs" linkindex="1249" title="Šabs"&gt;Žemaitėška&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ca"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0bat" linkindex="1250" title="Sàbat"&gt;Català&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ceb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1251" title="Shabat"&gt;Cebuano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cs"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1252" title="Šabat"&gt;Česky&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1253" title="Shabbat"&gt;Cymraeg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-da"&gt;&lt;a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1254" title="Sabbat"&gt;Dansk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-de destacado" title="Este es un artículo destacado en esta Wikipedia."&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1255" title="Sabbat"&gt;Deutsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-en"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1256" title="Shabbat"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cabato" linkindex="1257" title="Ŝabato"&gt;Esperanto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1258" title="Sabbat"&gt;Euskara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fa"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" linkindex="1259" title="شبات"&gt;فارسی&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapatti" linkindex="1260" title="Sapatti"&gt;Suomi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabbat" linkindex="1261" title="Chabbat"&gt;Français&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-gl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1262" title="Shabat"&gt;Galego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hak"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n-sit-ngit" linkindex="1263" title="Ôn-sit-ngit"&gt;Hak-kâ-fa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-he"&gt;&lt;a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" linkindex="1264" title="שבת"&gt;עברית&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1265" title="Šabat"&gt;Hrvatski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugalomnap" linkindex="1266" title="Nyugalomnap"&gt;Magyar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-id"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabat" linkindex="1267" title="Sabat"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-it"&gt;&lt;a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1268" title="Shabbat"&gt;Italiano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ja"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5" linkindex="1269" title="安息日"&gt;日本語&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ko"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%BC" linkindex="1270" title="안식일"&gt;한국어&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-li"&gt;&lt;a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1271" title="Sabbat"&gt;Limburgs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abas" linkindex="1272" title="Šabas"&gt;Lietuvių&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabats" linkindex="1273" title="Sabats"&gt;Latviešu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ms"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1274" title="Shabbat"&gt;Bahasa  Melayu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat_%28jodendom%29" linkindex="1275" title="Sabbat (jodendom)"&gt;Nederlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabb%C3%A1t" linkindex="1276" title="Sjabbát"&gt;‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-no"&gt;&lt;a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat_%28j%C3%B8disk%29" linkindex="1277" title="Sabbat (jødisk)"&gt;‪Norsk (bokmål)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-oc"&gt;&lt;a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1278" title="Shabat"&gt;Occitan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabat" linkindex="1279" title="Szabat"&gt;Polski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1280" title="Shabat"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ro"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatul_biblic" linkindex="1281" title="Sabatul biblic"&gt;Română&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ru"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" linkindex="1282" title="Шаббат"&gt;Русский&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1283" title="Šabat"&gt;Srpskohrvatski /  Српскохрватски&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-simple"&gt;&lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1284" title="Shabbat"&gt;Simple English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1285" title="Šabat"&gt;Slovenčina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1286" title="Šabat"&gt;Slovenščina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1287" title="Sabbat"&gt;Svenska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sw"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabato" linkindex="1288" title="Sabato"&gt;Kiswahili&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabado_%28Hudaismo%29" linkindex="1289" title="Sabado (Hudaismo)"&gt;Tagalog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebt_/_%C5%9Eabat" linkindex="1290" title="Sebt / Şabat"&gt;Türkçe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-yi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" linkindex="1291" title="שבת"&gt;ייִדיש&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5" linkindex="1292" title="安息日"&gt;中文&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul id="footer-info" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li id="footer-info-lastmod"&gt; Esta página fue  modificada por última vez el 29 nov 2010, a las 14:02.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="footer-info-copyright"&gt;El texto está disponible bajo la &lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.es" linkindex="1293"&gt;Licencia  Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0&lt;/a&gt;; podrían ser  aplicables cláusulas adicionales. Lee los &lt;a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rminos_de_Uso" linkindex="1294"&gt;términos  de uso&lt;/a&gt; para más información.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="bodyContent" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free  encyclopedia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;Jump to: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#mw-head" linkindex="1295"&gt;navigation&lt;/a&gt;,       &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#p-search" linkindex="1296"&gt;search&lt;/a&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="dablink"&gt;This article is about the rest day in  Judaism.  For Sabbath in the Bible, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" linkindex="1297" title="Biblical Sabbath"&gt;Biblical Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;.  For Sabbath in the Talmud, see  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_%28Talmud%29" linkindex="1298" title="Shabbat (Talmud)"&gt;Shabbat (Talmud)&lt;/a&gt;.  For other uses,  see &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" linkindex="1299" title="Seventh-day Sabbath"&gt;seventh-day  Sabbath&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-day_Sabbath" linkindex="1300" title="First-day Sabbath"&gt;first-day Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShabbatableS.jpg" linkindex="1301"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="311" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ShabbatableS.jpg/250px-ShabbatableS.jpg" width="250" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShabbatableS.jpg" linkindex="1302" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Table set for &lt;i&gt;Shabbat&lt;/i&gt; eve.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="tablo" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 85%; margin: 0pt 0px 1em; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap; width: 400px !Important;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Part of a series  on&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;table class="audio" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" linkindex="1303"&gt;&lt;img alt="Star of David.svg" height="58" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/50px-Star_of_David.svg.png" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lukhot_Habrit.svg" linkindex="1304"&gt;&lt;img alt="Lukhot Habrit.svg" height="71" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" width="60" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menora.svg" linkindex="1305"&gt;&lt;img alt="Menora.svg" height="42" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/50px-Menora.svg.png" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="font-size: 150%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" linkindex="1306" title="Judaism"&gt;Judaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism" linkindex="1307" title="Portal:Judaism"&gt;Portal&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaism" linkindex="1308" title="Category:Judaism"&gt;Category&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" linkindex="1309" title="Jewish religious movements"&gt;Jewish religious  movements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" linkindex="1310" title="Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Orthodox&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" linkindex="1311" title="Haredi Judaism"&gt;Haredi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" linkindex="1312" title="Hasidic Judaism"&gt;Hasidic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" linkindex="1313" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Modern&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" linkindex="1314" title="Conservative Judaism"&gt;Conservative&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism" linkindex="1315" title="Reform movement in Judaism"&gt;Reform&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" linkindex="1316" title="Karaite Judaism"&gt;Karaite&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" linkindex="1317" title="Reconstructionist Judaism"&gt;Reconstructionist&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" linkindex="1318" title="Jewish Renewal"&gt;Renewal&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" linkindex="1319" title="Humanistic Judaism"&gt;Humanistic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" linkindex="1320" title="Jewish philosophy"&gt;Jewish philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" linkindex="1321" title="Jewish principles of faith"&gt;Principles of  faith&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" linkindex="1322" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_messianism" linkindex="1323" title="Jewish messianism"&gt;Messiah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics" linkindex="1324" title="Jewish ethics"&gt;Ethics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_as_a_chosen_people" linkindex="1325" title="Jews as a chosen people"&gt;Chosenness&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" linkindex="1326" title="Names of God in Judaism"&gt;Names of  God&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musar_movement" linkindex="1327" title="Musar movement"&gt;Musar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_texts" linkindex="1328" title="Category:Jewish texts"&gt;Religious texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" linkindex="1329" title="Tanakh"&gt;Tanakh&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" linkindex="1330" title="Torah"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im" linkindex="1331" title="Nevi'im"&gt;Nevi'im&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvim" linkindex="1332" title="Ketuvim"&gt;Ketuvim&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;span class="Unicode"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_%28Judaism%29" linkindex="1333" title="Chumash (Judaism)"&gt;Ḥumash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" linkindex="1334" title="Siddur"&gt;Siddur&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyyut" linkindex="1335" title="Piyyut"&gt;Piyutim&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" linkindex="1336" title="Zohar"&gt;Zohar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" linkindex="1337" title="Rabbinic literature"&gt;Rabbinic literature&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" linkindex="1338" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash" linkindex="1339" title="Midrash"&gt;Midrash&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta" linkindex="1340" title="Tosefta"&gt;Tosefta&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" linkindex="1341" title="Halakha"&gt;Religious  Law&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" linkindex="1342" title="Mishneh Torah"&gt;Mishneh  Torah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" linkindex="1343" title="Arba'ah Turim"&gt;Tur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" linkindex="1344" title="Shulchan Aruch"&gt;Shulchan  Aruch&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" linkindex="1345" title="Mishnah Berurah"&gt;Mishnah Berurah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" linkindex="1346" title="Kashrut"&gt;Kashrut&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzniut" linkindex="1347" title="Tzniut"&gt;Tzniut&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah" linkindex="1348" title="Tzedakah"&gt;Tzedakah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah" linkindex="1349" title="Niddah"&gt;Niddah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" linkindex="1350" title="Seven Laws of Noah"&gt;Noahide laws&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" linkindex="1351" title="Four Holy Cities"&gt;Holy cities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" linkindex="1352" title="Jerusalem"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" linkindex="1353" title="Safed"&gt;Safed&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" linkindex="1354" title="Hebron"&gt;Hebron&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias" linkindex="1355" title="Tiberias"&gt;Tiberias&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_leadership" linkindex="1356" title="Jewish leadership"&gt;Important figures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" linkindex="1357" title="Abraham"&gt;Abraham&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac" linkindex="1358" title="Isaac"&gt;Isaac&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" linkindex="1359" title="Jacob"&gt;Jacob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" linkindex="1360" title="Moses"&gt;Moses&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron" linkindex="1361" title="Aaron"&gt;Aaron&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" linkindex="1362" title="David"&gt;David&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" linkindex="1363" title="Solomon"&gt;Solomon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah" linkindex="1364" title="Sarah"&gt;Sarah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca" linkindex="1365" title="Rebecca"&gt;Rebecca&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel" linkindex="1366" title="Rachel"&gt;Rachel&lt;/a&gt;  &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah" linkindex="1367" title="Leah"&gt;Leah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rabbis" linkindex="1368" title="List of rabbis"&gt;Rabbinic sages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" linkindex="1369" title="Template:Jewish life"&gt;Jewish life cycle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" linkindex="1370" title="Brit milah"&gt;Brit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidyon_haben" linkindex="1371" title="Pidyon haben"&gt;Pidyon  haben&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" linkindex="1372" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah"&gt;Bar/Bat Mitzvah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" linkindex="1373" title="Jewish views on marriage"&gt;Marriage&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" linkindex="1374" title="Bereavement in Judaism"&gt;Bereavement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;Religious roles&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" linkindex="1375" title="Rabbi"&gt;Rabbi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe" linkindex="1376" title="Rebbe"&gt;Rebbe&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posek" linkindex="1377" title="Posek"&gt;Posek&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazzan" linkindex="1378" title="Hazzan"&gt;Hazzan/Cantor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_din" linkindex="1379" title="Beth din"&gt;Dayan&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" linkindex="1380" title="Rosh yeshiva"&gt;Rosh  yeshiva&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel" linkindex="1381" title="Mohel"&gt;Mohel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen" linkindex="1382" title="Kohen"&gt;Kohen/Priest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;Religious buildings &amp;amp;  institutions&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" linkindex="1383" title="Synagogue"&gt;Synagogue&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_midrash" linkindex="1384" title="Beth midrash"&gt;Beth  midrash&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh" linkindex="1385" title="Mikveh"&gt;Mikveh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkah" linkindex="1386" title="Sukkah"&gt;Sukkah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" linkindex="1387" title="Chevra kadisha"&gt;Chevra kadisha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" linkindex="1388" title="Temple in Jerusalem"&gt;Holy Temple&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle" linkindex="1389" title="Tabernacle"&gt;Tabernacle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_education" linkindex="1390" title="Jewish education"&gt;Jewish education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" linkindex="1391" title="Yeshiva"&gt;Yeshiva&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel" linkindex="1392" title="Kollel"&gt;Kollel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheder" linkindex="1393" title="Cheder"&gt;Cheder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;Religious articles&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" linkindex="1394" title="Sefer Torah"&gt;Sefer  Torah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit" linkindex="1395" title="Tallit"&gt;Tallit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefillin" linkindex="1396" title="Tefillin"&gt;Tefillin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit" linkindex="1397" title="Tzitzit"&gt;Tzitzit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippah" linkindex="1398" title="Kippah"&gt;Kippah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah" linkindex="1399" title="Mezuzah"&gt;Mezuzah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_%28Hanukkah%29" linkindex="1400" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)"&gt;Hanukiah/Menorah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar" linkindex="1401" title="Shofar"&gt;Shofar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species" linkindex="1402" title="Four Species"&gt;4  Species&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittel" linkindex="1403" title="Kittel"&gt;Kittel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartel" linkindex="1404" title="Gartel"&gt;Gartel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" linkindex="1405" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings"&gt;Jewish  prayers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer_services" linkindex="1406" title="Jewish prayer services"&gt;services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" linkindex="1407" title="Shema Yisrael"&gt;Shema&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidah" linkindex="1408" title="Amidah"&gt;Amidah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu" linkindex="1409" title="Aleinu"&gt;Aleinu&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish" linkindex="1410" title="Kaddish"&gt;Kaddish&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan" linkindex="1411" title="Minyan"&gt;Minyan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" linkindex="1412" title="Birkat Hamazon"&gt;Birkat  Hamazon&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehecheyanu" linkindex="1413" title="Shehecheyanu"&gt;Shehecheyanu&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallel" linkindex="1414" title="Hallel"&gt;Hallel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah" linkindex="1415" title="Havdalah"&gt;Havdalah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachanun" linkindex="1416" title="Tachanun"&gt;Tachanun&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_Nidre" linkindex="1417" title="Kol Nidre"&gt;Kol  Nidre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selichot" linkindex="1418" title="Selichot"&gt;Selichot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;Judaism &amp;amp; other  religions&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" linkindex="1419" title="Christianity and Judaism"&gt;Christianity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Judaism" linkindex="1420" title="Islam and Judaism"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian" linkindex="1421" title="Judeo-Christian"&gt;Judeo-Christian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" linkindex="1422" title="Abrahamic religions"&gt;Abrahamic  faiths&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" linkindex="1423" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism"&gt;Pluralism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Judaism" linkindex="1424" title="Alternative Judaism"&gt;Others&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"&gt;Related topics&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" linkindex="1425" title="Antisemitism"&gt;Antisemitism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" linkindex="1426" title="Criticism of Judaism"&gt;Criticism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_theology" linkindex="1427" title="Holocaust theology"&gt;Holocaust&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" linkindex="1428" title="Israel"&gt;Israel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism" linkindex="1429" title="Zionism"&gt;Zionism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 70%;"&gt;&lt;div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judaism" linkindex="1430" title="Template:Judaism"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" linkindex="1431" title="Template talk:Judaism"&gt;&lt;span title="Discuss this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit" linkindex="1432" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span title="Edit this template"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table width="700" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shabbat&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" linkindex="1433" title="Hebrew language"&gt;Hebrew&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="rtl" lang="he" style="font-size: 125%; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;שַׁבָּת&lt;/span&gt;,  &lt;small&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language#Modern_Hebrew" linkindex="1434" title="Hebrew language"&gt;Modern&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="he transliteration"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;small&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" linkindex="1435" title="Tiberian vocalization"&gt;Tiberian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="Hebrew transliteration"&gt;Šabbāṯ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" linkindex="1436" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew"&gt;Ashkenazi pronunciation&lt;/a&gt;:  &lt;b&gt;Shabbos&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish" linkindex="1437" title="Yiddish"&gt;Yiddish&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;b&gt;Shabbes&lt;/b&gt;, in  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" linkindex="1438" title="English language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;b&gt;the  Sabbath&lt;/b&gt;, "rest" or "cessation") is the seventh day of the  Jewish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-day_week" linkindex="1439" title="Seven-day week"&gt;week&lt;/a&gt; and a day of rest in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" linkindex="1440" title="Judaism"&gt;Judaism&lt;/a&gt;. Shabbat is observed from a few  minutes before sunset on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday" linkindex="1441" title="Friday"&gt;Friday&lt;/a&gt; evening until a few minutes after the  appearance of three stars in the sky&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-0" linkindex="1442"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday" linkindex="1443" title="Saturday"&gt;Saturday&lt;/a&gt;  night. The exact times, therefore, differ from week to week and from  place to place, depending on the time of sunset at each location. In  polar areas where there is no sunrise or sunset at certain times of the  year, a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law_in_the_polar_regions" linkindex="1444" title="Jewish law in the polar regions"&gt;different set of  rules&lt;/a&gt; applies.&lt;br /&gt;On Shabbat Jews recall the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical" linkindex="1445" title="Biblical"&gt;Biblical&lt;/a&gt; Creation account in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" linkindex="1446" title="Book of Genesis"&gt;Genesis&lt;/a&gt;,  describing God creating the Heavens and the Earth in six days and  resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai" linkindex="1447" title="Mount Sinai"&gt;Mount Sinai&lt;/a&gt;, when God commanded the Israelite nation  to observe the seventh day and keep it holy&lt;br /&gt;Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from  the  regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects  of life, and can spend time with family. Traditionally, three &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Shabbat_and_Seudat_Yom_Tov" linkindex="1448" title="Seudat mitzvah"&gt;festive meals&lt;/a&gt; are eaten: on Friday  night, Saturday morning, and late Saturday afternoon. The day is also  noted for those &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1449" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat"&gt;activities prohibited on  Shabbat&lt;/a&gt; according to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" linkindex="1450" title="Halakha"&gt;halakha&lt;/a&gt; (Jewish law).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="toc" id="toc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;div id="toctitle"&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a class="internal" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#" id="togglelink"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Origin" linkindex="1451"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Origin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Etymology" linkindex="1452"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Biblical_source" linkindex="1453"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Biblical  source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Origin_theories" linkindex="1454"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Origin  theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Status_as_a_holy_day" linkindex="1455"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Status  as a holy day&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Shabbat_rituals" linkindex="1456"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Shabbat  rituals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Prohibited_activities" linkindex="1457"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Prohibited activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#The_39_Melakhot" linkindex="1458"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;The 39  Melakhot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Use_of_electricity" linkindex="1459"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Use of  electricity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Automobiles" linkindex="1460"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Automobiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Shomer_Shabbat" linkindex="1461"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.4&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Shomer  Shabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Technology_in_the_service_of_Shabbat" linkindex="1462"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Technology in the service of  Shabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Permitted_desecration" linkindex="1463"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Permitted  desecration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Liberal_views" linkindex="1464"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Liberal  views&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Encouraged_activities" linkindex="1465"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Encouraged  activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Special_Shabbats" linkindex="1466"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Special  Shabbats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Sabbath_adaptation" linkindex="1467"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Sabbath  adaptation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#See_also" linkindex="1468"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See  also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#References" linkindex="1469"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Further_reading" linkindex="1470"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Further  reading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#External_links" linkindex="1471"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External  links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" linkindex="1472" title="Edit section: Origin"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Origin"&gt;Origin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" linkindex="1473" title="Edit section: Etymology"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;For more details on this  topic, see &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_etymology" linkindex="1474" title="Sabbath etymology"&gt;Sabbath  etymology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;The word Shabbat derives from the Hebrew verb  &lt;i&gt;shavat&lt;/i&gt;. Although  frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate  translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]", as resting is not  necessarily denoted. The related modern Hebrew word  &lt;i&gt;shevita&lt;/i&gt;, (&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_strike" linkindex="1475" title="Labor strike"&gt;labor strike&lt;/a&gt;),  has the same implication of active rather than passive abstinence from  work. The notion of active cessation from labor is also regarded as more  consistent with an &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotent" linkindex="1476" title="Omnipotent"&gt;omnipotent&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" linkindex="1477" title="Names of God in Judaism"&gt;God&lt;/a&gt;'s activity on the seventh day of  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" linkindex="1478" title="Genesis creation myth"&gt;Creation according  to Genesis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" linkindex="1479" title="Edit section: Biblical source"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Biblical_source"&gt;Biblical  source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;For more details on this  topic, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" linkindex="1480" title="Biblical Sabbath"&gt;Biblical Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;Shabbat is given special status as a holy day at the very  beginning of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" linkindex="1481" title="Torah"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&amp;amp;verse=2:1-3&amp;amp;src=HE" linkindex="1482" rel="nofollow"&gt;Genesis 2:1-3&lt;/a&gt;. It is  first commanded after &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus" linkindex="1483" title="The Exodus"&gt;the  Exodus&lt;/a&gt; from Egypt, in &lt;a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;amp;verse=16:26&amp;amp;src=HE" linkindex="1484" rel="nofollow"&gt;Exodus 16:26&lt;/a&gt;  (relating to the cessation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna" linkindex="1485" title="Manna"&gt;manna&lt;/a&gt;) and in &lt;a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;amp;verse=20:8-11&amp;amp;src=HE" linkindex="1486" rel="nofollow"&gt;Exodus 20:8-11&lt;/a&gt; (as  the fourth of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments" linkindex="1487" title="Ten Commandments"&gt;Ten Commandments&lt;/a&gt;). Shabbat is commanded and  commended many more times in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" linkindex="1488" title="Torah"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt; and Tanakh; special &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korban" linkindex="1489" title="Korban"&gt;sacrifices&lt;/a&gt; are to be offered on the day.  Shabbat is also described by the prophets &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah" linkindex="1490" title="Isaiah"&gt;Isaiah&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah" linkindex="1491" title="Jeremiah"&gt;Jeremiah&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel" linkindex="1492" title="Ezekiel"&gt;Ezekiel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea" linkindex="1493" title="Hosea"&gt;Hosea&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos" linkindex="1494" title="Amos"&gt;Amos&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah" linkindex="1495" title="Nehemiah"&gt;Nehemiah&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" linkindex="1496" title="Edit section: Origin theories"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_theories"&gt;Origin  theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;A longstanding Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day  &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt; originated among the Jewish people, as their  first and most sacred institution,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-landau_1-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-landau-1" linkindex="1497"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  whether this &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" linkindex="1498" title="Moses"&gt;Mosaic&lt;/a&gt; tradition preserves an origin in &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_according_to_Genesis" linkindex="1499" title="Creation according to Genesis"&gt;special  creation&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-2" linkindex="1500"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  or whether it indicates some obscure later naturalistic origin.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-3" linkindex="1501"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Seventh-day &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt; did not originate with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" linkindex="1502" title="Ancient Egypt"&gt;Egyptians&lt;/a&gt;, to whom it was unknown;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-4" linkindex="1503"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  and other origin theories based on the day of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" linkindex="1504" title="Saturn"&gt;Saturn&lt;/a&gt;, or on the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets" linkindex="1505" title="Planets"&gt;planets&lt;/a&gt; generally, have also been  abandoned.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-orr_5-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-orr-5" linkindex="1506"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Jewish_Encyclopedia" linkindex="1507" title="Universal Jewish Encyclopedia"&gt;Universal  Jewish Encyclopedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; advanced a theory of &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriologist" linkindex="1508" title="Assyriologist"&gt;Assyriologists&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Delitzsch" linkindex="1509" title="Friedrich Delitzsch"&gt;Friedrich Delitzsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-landau_1-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-landau-1" linkindex="1510"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  (and of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Craveri" linkindex="1511" title="Marcello Craveri"&gt;Marcello Craveri&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-6" linkindex="1512"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  that &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt; originally arose from the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_cycle" linkindex="1513" title="Lunar cycle"&gt;lunar cycle&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" linkindex="1514" title="Babylonian calendar"&gt;Babylonian calendar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-7" linkindex="1515"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-8" linkindex="1516"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  containing four weeks ending in Sabbath, plus one or two additional  unreckoned days per month.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-9" linkindex="1517"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;   The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences  between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of  texts naming the lunar week as &lt;i&gt;shabbat&lt;/i&gt; in any  language.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-orr_5-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-orr-5" linkindex="1518"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" linkindex="1519" title="Edit section: Status as a holy day"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Status_as_a_holy_day"&gt;Status as a holy  day&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" linkindex="1520"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shabbat_table_setting.jpg/250px-Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" width="250" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbat_table_setting.jpg" linkindex="1521" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The Shabbat table is set: two covered &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challot" linkindex="1522" title="Challot"&gt;challot&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush" linkindex="1523" title="Kiddush"&gt;kiddush&lt;/a&gt; cup, two candles, and  flowers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The Tanach and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" linkindex="1524" title="Siddur"&gt;siddur&lt;/a&gt; (Jewish prayer book) describe  Shabbat as having three purposes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;To commemorate the Israelites' &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus" linkindex="1525" title="The Exodus"&gt;redemption from slavery&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" linkindex="1526" title="Ancient Egypt"&gt;ancient Egypt&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To commemorate  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" linkindex="1527" title="Names of God in Judaism"&gt;God's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_according_to_Genesis" linkindex="1528" title="Creation according to Genesis"&gt;creations  of the universe&lt;/a&gt;; on the seventh day God rested from (or  ceased) his work;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;As a "taste" of &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olam_Haba" linkindex="1529" title="Olam Haba"&gt;Olam Haba&lt;/a&gt; (the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Age" linkindex="1530" title="Messianic Age"&gt;Messianic Age&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In  many  ways, Jewish law gives Shabbat the status of being the most important  holy day in the Jewish calendar:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and  God was the first to observe it with the cessation of &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_according_to_Genesis" linkindex="1531" title="Creation according to Genesis"&gt;Creation&lt;/a&gt; (Genesis  2:1-3).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services" linkindex="1532" title="Jewish services"&gt;Jewish liturgy&lt;/a&gt; treats the  Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhinah" linkindex="1533" title="Shekhinah"&gt;Shekhinah&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" linkindex="1534" title="Sefer Torah"&gt;Sefer Torah&lt;/a&gt; is read during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_reading" linkindex="1535" title="Torah reading"&gt;Torah reading&lt;/a&gt;  which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading  than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54  &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsha" linkindex="1536" title="Parsha"&gt;parshiyot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,  one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the  reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day,  including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur" linkindex="1537" title="Yom Kippur"&gt;Yom Kippur&lt;/a&gt;. Then, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarah" linkindex="1538" title="Haftarah"&gt;Haftarah&lt;/a&gt; reading from the Hebrew prophets  is read.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A tradition states that the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" linkindex="1539" title="Jewish Messiah"&gt;Jewish Messiah&lt;/a&gt; will come if  every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbats.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-10" linkindex="1540"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The  punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning" linkindex="1541" title="Stoning"&gt;stoning&lt;/a&gt;) is the most severe punishment in  Jewish law.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-11" linkindex="1542"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" linkindex="1543" title="Edit section: Shabbat rituals"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Shabbat_rituals"&gt;Shabbat  rituals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services" linkindex="1544" title="Jewish services"&gt;prayer&lt;/a&gt;.  It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve  (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal, known  as &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudah_Shlishit" linkindex="1545" title="Seudah Shlishit"&gt;Seudah Shlishit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, in the  late afternoon (Saturday).&lt;br /&gt;Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do  not do  so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night),  Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday  afternoon).&lt;br /&gt;With the exception of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur" linkindex="1546" title="Yom Kippur"&gt;Yom  Kippur&lt;/a&gt;,  which is referred to in the Torah as the "Shabbat of Shabbats", days of  public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat.  Mourners sitting &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivah" linkindex="1547" title="Shivah"&gt;shivah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree  relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the  day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maurice_Ascalon_Shabbat_Candle_Sticks.jpg" linkindex="1548"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Maurice_Ascalon_Shabbat_Candle_Sticks.jpg/200px-Maurice_Ascalon_Shabbat_Candle_Sticks.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maurice_Ascalon_Shabbat_Candle_Sticks.jpg" linkindex="1549" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in 1940s Israel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;According to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" linkindex="1550" title="Rabbinic literature"&gt;Rabbinic literature&lt;/a&gt;, God via the Torah commands  Jews to &lt;i&gt;observe&lt;/i&gt; (refrain from forbidden activity)  and &lt;i&gt;remember&lt;/i&gt; (with words, thoughts, and actions) the  Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the two &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_candles" linkindex="1551" title="Shabbat candles"&gt;Shabbat candles&lt;/a&gt;  which are lit before the onset of Shabbat by Jewish women, usually the  mother/wife, though men who live alone are required to do so themselves.  It is customary to light two candles, although some families light  more, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-12" linkindex="1552"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although  most Shabbat laws are restrictive (see below), the fourth of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments" linkindex="1553" title="Ten Commandments"&gt;Ten Commandments&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" linkindex="1554" title="Book of Exodus"&gt;Exodus&lt;/a&gt; is taken by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" linkindex="1555" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt; to allude to the  &lt;i&gt;positive&lt;/i&gt; commandments of the Shabbat. These  include:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Honouring Shabbat (&lt;i&gt;kavod  Shabbat&lt;/i&gt;): Preparing for the upcoming  Shabbat by bathing, having a haircut, and cleaning and beautifying the  home (with flowers, for example). On Shabbat itself, wearing festive  clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to  avoid talk about money or business matters on Shabbat.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-13" linkindex="1556"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Recitation  of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush" linkindex="1557" title="Kiddush"&gt;Kiddush&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; over a cup of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_wine" linkindex="1558" title="Kosher wine"&gt;wine&lt;/a&gt; at the beginning of the first and second Shabbat  meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" linkindex="1559" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings"&gt;list of Jewish prayers  and blessings&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbat_Challos.jpg" linkindex="1560"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="126" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shabbat_Challos.jpg/200px-Shabbat_Challos.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbat_Challos.jpg" linkindex="1561" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Two homemade &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_wheat_flour" linkindex="1562" title="Whole wheat flour"&gt;whole-wheat&lt;/a&gt; challahs covered by  traditional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery" linkindex="1563" title="Embroidery"&gt;embroidered&lt;/a&gt; Shabbat &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challah_cover" linkindex="1564" title="Challah cover"&gt;challah cover&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a  blessing over two loaves of bread (&lt;i&gt;lechem mishneh&lt;/i&gt;),  usually a braided &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challah" linkindex="1565" title="Challah"&gt;challah&lt;/a&gt;, which is symbolic of the double  portion of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna" linkindex="1566" title="Manna"&gt;manna&lt;/a&gt; which fell for the Jewish people during  their 40 years in the desert after the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus" linkindex="1567" title="The Exodus"&gt;Exodus&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" linkindex="1568" title="Ancient Egypt"&gt;Egypt&lt;/a&gt;.  It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for the  Shabbat evening and morning meals. The third meal, eaten late Shabbat  afternoon, is called &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudah_Shlishit" linkindex="1569" title="Seudah Shlishit"&gt;Seudah Shlishit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (literally, "Third  Meal"). This is generally a light meal and may be &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parve" linkindex="1570" title="Parve"&gt;parve&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy" linkindex="1571" title="Dairy"&gt;dairy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Enjoying Shabbat  (&lt;i&gt;oneg Shabbat&lt;/i&gt;): Engaging in pleasurable activities  such as eating, singing, spending time with the family and marital  relations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" linkindex="1572"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Havdal.jpg/220px-Havdal.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" linkindex="1573" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Observing the closing &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah" linkindex="1574" title="Havdalah"&gt;Havdalah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ritual in 14th-century  Spain.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Recitation of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah" linkindex="1575" title="Havdalah"&gt;Havdalah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; at the conclusion of  Shabbat at nightfall (over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant  spices and a candle).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" linkindex="1576" title="Edit section: Prohibited activities"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Prohibited_activities"&gt;Prohibited  activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" linkindex="1577" title="Edit section: The 39 Melakhot"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="The_39_Melakhot"&gt;The 39  Melakhot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1578" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat"&gt;Activities prohibited on  Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" linkindex="1579" title="Halakha"&gt;Jewish law (halakha)&lt;/a&gt; prohibits doing any  form of &lt;i&gt;melakhah&lt;/i&gt; (מְלָאכָה, plural  &lt;i&gt;melakhot&lt;/i&gt;) on Shabbat, with some exceptions. Though  &lt;i&gt;melakhah&lt;/i&gt; is commonly translated as "work" in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" linkindex="1580" title="English language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;, a better definition is "deliberate  activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of  prohibited activities (&lt;i&gt;melakhot&lt;/i&gt;) listed in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" linkindex="1581" title="Mishnah"&gt;Mishnah&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_%28Talmud%29" linkindex="1582" title="Shabbat (Talmud)"&gt;Tractate Shabbat&lt;/a&gt; Chapter 7, Mishna 2).&lt;br /&gt;Different streams of Judaism view the prohibition on work in  different ways. Observant &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" linkindex="1583" title="Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Orthodox&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" linkindex="1584" title="Conservative Judaism"&gt;Conservative&lt;/a&gt; Jews refrain from  performing the prohibited activities. These prohibited activities are  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" linkindex="1585" title="Exegesis"&gt;exegetically&lt;/a&gt;  derived — based on juxtaposition of corresponding Biblical passages —  from the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle_%28Judaism%29" linkindex="1586" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)"&gt;Tabernacle&lt;/a&gt;.  They are not directly listed in the Torah; elsewhere, the Mishnah  observes that "the laws of Shabbat [...] are like mountains hanging by a  hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-14" linkindex="1587"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Many &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" linkindex="1588" title="Rabbinic literature"&gt;religious scholars&lt;/a&gt;  have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is  "creative," or that exercises control or dominion over one's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29" linkindex="1589" title="Environment (biophysical)"&gt;environment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;The 39 categories of &lt;i&gt;melakhah&lt;/i&gt; are: ploughing  earth, sowing,  reaping, binding sheaves, threshing, winnowing, selecting, grinding,  sifting, kneading, baking, shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool,  dyeing wool, spinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving two threads,  separating two threads, tying, untying, sewing stitches, tearing,  trapping, slaughtering, flaying, tanning, scraping hide, marking hides,  cutting hide to shape, writing two or more letters, erasing two or more  letters, building, demolishing, extinguishing a fire, kindling a fire,  putting the finishing touch on an object and transporting an object  between the private domain and the public domain, or for a distance of 4  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" linkindex="1590" title="Cubit"&gt;cubits&lt;/a&gt; within the public domain.&lt;br /&gt;Each &lt;i&gt;melakhah&lt;/i&gt; has derived prohibitions of  various kinds. There  are, therefore, many more forbidden activities on the Shabbat; all are  traced back to one of the 39 above principal  &lt;i&gt;melakhot&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Given the above, the 39 &lt;i&gt;melakhot&lt;/i&gt; are not so  much activities as  "categories of activity." For example, while "winnowing" usually refers  exclusively to the separation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" linkindex="1591" title="Chaff"&gt;chaff&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" linkindex="1592" title="Cereal"&gt;grain&lt;/a&gt;,  and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from  grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed  materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering  undrinkable &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" linkindex="1593" title="Water"&gt;water&lt;/a&gt; to make it drinkable falls under this  category, as does picking small bones from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" linkindex="1594" title="Fish"&gt;fish&lt;/a&gt;.  (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefilte_fish" linkindex="1595" title="Gefilte fish"&gt;Gefilte fish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is one solution  to this problem.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" linkindex="1596" title="Edit section: Use of electricity"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_electricity"&gt;Use of  electricity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1597" title="Electricity on Shabbat"&gt;Electricity on  Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that it is  prohibited to turn &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" linkindex="1598" title="Electricity"&gt;electric&lt;/a&gt; devices on or off as falling  under one of the 39 categories of work (&lt;i&gt;melakhot&lt;/i&gt;).  However, the authorities are not in agreement about exactly which  category (or categories) this would fall under. One view is that tiny  sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this  would constitute "lighting a fire" (category 37). If the appliance is  one whose purpose is for light or heat (such as an incandescent  lightbulb or electric oven) then the lighting or heating elements may be  considered as a type of fire; if so, then turning them on constitutes  both "lighting a fire" (category 37) and "cooking" (a form of baking,  category 11), and turning them off would be "extinguishing a fire"  (category 36).&lt;br /&gt;Another view is that a device which is plugged into an  electrical  outlet of a wall becomes part of the building, but is nonfunctional  while the switch is off; turning it on would then constitute "building"  and turning it off would be "demolishing" (categories 35 and 34). Some  schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only  by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah#Rabbinical_mitzvot" linkindex="1599" title="Mitzvah"&gt;rabbinic injunction&lt;/a&gt;, rather than because it  violates one of the original categories.&lt;br /&gt;A common solution to the problem of electricity involves  pre-set timers (&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_clock" linkindex="1600" title="Shabbat clock"&gt;Shabbat clocks&lt;/a&gt;)  for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no  human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative  authorities&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-15" linkindex="1601"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-16" linkindex="1602"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-17" linkindex="1603"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of  electricity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=10" linkindex="1604" title="Edit section: Automobiles"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Automobiles"&gt;Automobiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_during_Shabbat" linkindex="1605" title="Driving during Shabbat"&gt;Driving during  Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit  the  use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories  include "igniting a fire" (category 37), "extinguishing a fire"  (category 36) and "transferring between domains" (category 39). However,  the Conservative movement's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" linkindex="1606" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards"&gt;Committee on Jewish  Law and Standards&lt;/a&gt;  permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on  the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would  become lost to the Jewish people.&lt;br /&gt;A halachically authorized &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_module" linkindex="1607" title="Shabbat module"&gt;Shabbat module&lt;/a&gt; added to an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_scooter" linkindex="1608" title="Mobility scooter"&gt;Amigo&lt;/a&gt;  power operated vehicle may be used on the observance of Shabbat for  those with walking limitations. Often referred to as a Shabbat scooter  or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigo_Mobility_International_Inc" linkindex="1609" title="Amigo Mobility International Inc"&gt;Amigo&lt;/a&gt;  Shabbat, it is manufactured by Zomet Institute in Israel, each Shabbat  module application is individually inspected and certified by a Zomet  representative. It is intended only for individuals whose limited  mobility is dependent on a POV/scooter or automobile consistently  throughout the week.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11" linkindex="1610" title="Edit section: Shomer Shabbat"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Shomer_Shabbat"&gt;Shomer  Shabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" linkindex="1611" title="Shomer Shabbat"&gt;Shomer Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The term &lt;i&gt;shomer Shabbat&lt;/i&gt; is used for a person  (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The  &lt;i&gt;shomer Shabbat&lt;/i&gt; is an archetype mentioned in Jewish  songs (e.g., &lt;i&gt;Baruch El Elyon&lt;/i&gt;) and the intended  audience for various treatises on Jewish law and practice for  &lt;i&gt;Shabbat&lt;/i&gt; (e.g., &lt;i&gt;Shemirat Shabbat  ke-Hilkhata&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=12" linkindex="1612" title="Edit section: Technology in the service of Shabbat"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Technology_in_the_service_of_Shabbat"&gt;Technology in the service  of Shabbat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;When there is an urgent human or medical need which is  life-threatening, it is possible to perform seemingly "forbidden" acts  by modifying the relevant technology to such an extent that no law is  actually violated. An example is the "&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_elevator" linkindex="1613" title="Sabbath elevator"&gt;Sabbath elevator&lt;/a&gt;".  In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor,  allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any  buttons, which would normally be needed to work. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_braking" linkindex="1614" title="Dynamic braking"&gt;Dynamic braking&lt;/a&gt;  is also disabled if it is normally used, shunting energy collected from  downward travel, and thus the gravitational potential energy of  passengers, into a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor" linkindex="1615" title="Resistor"&gt;resistor&lt;/a&gt;  network.) This prevents "violation" of the Shabbat prohibition against  doing "useful work." Many rabbinical authorities consider the use of  such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a "violation" of  the Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail  and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.&lt;br /&gt;Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of "carrying" in the  absence of an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv" linkindex="1616" title="Eruv"&gt;eruv&lt;/a&gt; by making their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_%28lock%29" linkindex="1617" title="Key (lock)"&gt;keys&lt;/a&gt; into a &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_bar" linkindex="1618" title="Tie bar"&gt;tie bar&lt;/a&gt;, or part of a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_%28clothing%29" linkindex="1619" title="Belt (clothing)"&gt;belt&lt;/a&gt; buckle or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch" linkindex="1620" title="Brooch"&gt;brooch&lt;/a&gt;. The key thereby becomes a legitimate  article of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" linkindex="1621" title="Clothing"&gt;clothing&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery" linkindex="1622" title="Jewellery"&gt;jewelry&lt;/a&gt;,  which may be worn, rather than carried. Some also use an elastic band  which has clips on both ends, and keys are placed between them as an  integral link in the band, which may then be considered a  belt.&lt;br /&gt;In recent years, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" linkindex="1623" title="Shabbat lamp"&gt;Shabbat lamp&lt;/a&gt;  has been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on/off at  will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out  the light when the off position is desired without violating  Shabbat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13" linkindex="1624" title="Edit section: Permitted desecration"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Permitted_desecration"&gt;Permitted  desecration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"&gt;For more details on this  topic, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikuach_nefesh" linkindex="1625" title="Pikuach nefesh"&gt;pikuach nefesh&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;In the event that a human &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" linkindex="1626" title="Life"&gt;life&lt;/a&gt;  is in danger (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikuach_nefesh" linkindex="1627" title="Pikuach nefesh"&gt;pikuach nefesh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), a Jew is not only  allowed, but required,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-18" linkindex="1628"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-19" linkindex="1629"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;   to violate any Shabbat law that stands in the way of saving that  person, excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts. The  concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it  is mandated that one violate the Shabbat to bring a woman in active  labor to a hospital. Lesser, rabbinic restrictions are often violated  under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not  critically so).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="cquote2" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20"&gt;“&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"&gt;"We did everything to  save  lives, despite Shabbat. People asked, 'Why are you here? There are no  Jews here', but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives…  We are desecrating Shabbat with pride…"&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20"&gt;”&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;— Mati Goldstein, commander of the Jewish  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAKA" linkindex="1630" title="ZAKA"&gt;ZAKA&lt;/a&gt; rescue-mission to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" linkindex="1631" title="2010 Haiti earthquake"&gt;2010 Haiti earthquake&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ynews_20-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-ynews-20" linkindex="1632"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;Various  other legal principles closely delineate which activities  constitute desecration of the Shabbat. Examples of these include the  principle of &lt;i&gt;shinui&lt;/i&gt; ("change" or "deviation"): A  severe violation  becomes a non-severe one if the prohibited act was performed in a way  that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing  with one's non-dominant hand (according to many rabbinic authorities).  This legal principle operates &lt;i&gt;bedi'avad&lt;/i&gt;  (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto" linkindex="1633" title="Ex post facto"&gt;ex post  facto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) and does not cause a forbidden activity to be  permitted barring extenuating circumstances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=14" linkindex="1634" title="Edit section: Liberal views"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Liberal_views"&gt;Liberal  views&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Generally, adherents of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism" linkindex="1635" title="Reform Judaism"&gt;Reform&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" linkindex="1636" title="Reconstructionist Judaism"&gt;Reconstructionist Judaism&lt;/a&gt;  believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat  prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such  as writing or cooking for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure" linkindex="1637" title="Leisure"&gt;leisure&lt;/a&gt;,  to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore  may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what  constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the  person considers "work" is forbidden.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-21" linkindex="1638"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Radical Hungarian-born &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism" linkindex="1639" title="Reform movement in Judaism"&gt;Reform&lt;/a&gt; rabbi Ignaz  Einhorn even shifted his congregation's Shabbat worship to  Sundays.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-22" linkindex="1640"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More  rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstruction Jews believe that  these &lt;i&gt;halakhot&lt;/i&gt;  in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide  how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews, in the  Progressive Jewish community, accept these laws much the same way as  Orthodox Jews.&lt;br /&gt;Humanistic Judaism: For Humanistic Jews, who celebrate Jewish  culture  and heritage without reference to a supernatural power, Shabbat is a  day of pause. Shabbat observances incorporate Jewish rituals to help  separate this special time from the mundane concerns of daily life.  Keeping this traditional “time-out” provides an opportunity to gain  perspective, to appreciate life, and to feel awed by the wonders of the  world. Because Humanistic Jews believe in self-determination, they  believe that Shabbat is a time to draw upon inner resources, share  strength as a community, inspire and be inspired, and face the week  ahead as the best possible versions of themselves.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-23" linkindex="1641"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=15" linkindex="1642" title="Edit section: Encouraged activities"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Encouraged_activities"&gt;Encouraged  activities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;All &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_denominations" linkindex="1643" title="Jewish denominations"&gt;Jewish denominations&lt;/a&gt;  encourage the following activities on Shabbat:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reading, studying and discussing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" linkindex="1644" title="Torah"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt; and commentary, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" linkindex="1645" title="Mishnah"&gt;Mishnah&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" linkindex="1646" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;, learning some &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" linkindex="1647" title="Halakha"&gt;Halakha&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash" linkindex="1648" title="Midrash"&gt;Midrash&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" linkindex="1649" title="Synagogue"&gt;Synagogue&lt;/a&gt; attendance for &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services" linkindex="1650" title="Jewish services"&gt;prayers&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Spending  time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends and guests at  Shabbat meals (&lt;i&gt;hachnasat orchim&lt;/i&gt;,  "hospitality");&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Singing &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemirot" linkindex="1651" title="Zemirot"&gt;zemirot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, special songs for the  Shabbat meal (commonly sung during or after a  meal)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Marital relations between husband and  wife&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-24" linkindex="1652"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Sleeping&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=16" linkindex="1653" title="Edit section: Special Shabbats"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Special_Shabbats"&gt;Special  Shabbats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Shabbat" linkindex="1654" title="Special Shabbat"&gt;Special Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Shabbat" linkindex="1655" title="Special Shabbat"&gt;Special Shabbats&lt;/a&gt; are the Shabbats  that precede important &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday" linkindex="1656" title="Jewish holiday"&gt;Jewish holidays&lt;/a&gt;: e.g. &lt;i&gt;Shabbat  ha-Gadol&lt;/i&gt; is the Shabbat preceding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" linkindex="1657" title="Passover"&gt;Passover&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Shabbat  Zachor&lt;/i&gt; is the Shabbat preceding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" linkindex="1658" title="Purim"&gt;Purim&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Shabbat Teshuva&lt;/i&gt;  is the Shabbat preceding Yom Kippur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=17" linkindex="1659" title="Edit section: Sabbath adaptation"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Sabbath_adaptation"&gt;Sabbath adaptation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sabbath" linkindex="1660" title="Christian Sabbath"&gt;Christian Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Most &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" linkindex="1661" title="Christian"&gt;Christians&lt;/a&gt; do not celebrate Biblical  &lt;i&gt;Shabbat&lt;/i&gt; as outlined in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments" linkindex="1662" title="Ten Commandments"&gt;Ten Commandments&lt;/a&gt; and instead observe a weekly  day of worship on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday" linkindex="1663" title="Sunday"&gt;Sunday&lt;/a&gt;, which they call "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" linkindex="1664" title="Lord's Day"&gt;Lord's Day&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;Several Christian denominations, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" linkindex="1665" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church"&gt;Seventh-day Adventist  Church&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" linkindex="1666" title="Seventh Day Baptist"&gt;Seventh Day Baptists&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church" linkindex="1667" title="True Jesus Church"&gt;True Jesus Church&lt;/a&gt;, observe &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" linkindex="1668" title="Seventh-day Sabbath"&gt;seventh-day  Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;. Scriptural Sabbath is celebrated from Friday sunset  to Saturday sunset. Some of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" linkindex="1669" title="Messianic Judaism"&gt;Messianic Judaism&lt;/a&gt; considers its Sabbath to be kept  according to Jewish doctrinal tradition, while most of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" linkindex="1670" title="Rabbinic Judaism"&gt;Rabbinic Judaism&lt;/a&gt; disagrees.&lt;br /&gt;The principle of weekly Sabbath has also been adopted,  instituted, or modified in other beliefs: compare the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" linkindex="1671" title="Babylonian calendar"&gt;Babylonian calendar&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" linkindex="1672" title="Buddhist"&gt;Buddhist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uposatha" linkindex="1673" title="Uposatha"&gt;uposatha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" linkindex="1674" title="Islam"&gt;Islamic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumu%27ah" linkindex="1675" title="Jumu'ah"&gt;jumu'ah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan" linkindex="1676" title="Pagan"&gt;pagan&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" linkindex="1677" title="Wheel of the Year"&gt;sabbat&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_calendar" linkindex="1678" title="Bahá'í calendar"&gt;Bahá'í calendar&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_Church" linkindex="1679" title="Unification Church"&gt;Unification Church&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Shi_Il" linkindex="1680" title="Ahn Shi Il"&gt;Ahn Shi Il&lt;/a&gt;, and the parody-religion  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastafarian" linkindex="1681" title="Pastafarian"&gt;Pastafarian&lt;/a&gt;  weekend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=18" linkindex="1682" title="Edit section: See also"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqashot" linkindex="1683" title="Baqashot"&gt;Baqashot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays" linkindex="1684" title="Jewish holidays"&gt;Jewish  holidays&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services#Prayer_on_Shabbat_.28Sabbath.29" linkindex="1685" title="Jewish services"&gt;Jewish services for  Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moed" linkindex="1686" title="Moed"&gt;Moed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_breaking" linkindex="1687" title="Sabbath breaking"&gt;Sabbath  breaking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" linkindex="1688" title="Sabbath in Christianity"&gt;Sabbath in  Christianity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_mode" linkindex="1689" title="Sabbath mode"&gt;Sabbath mode&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbos_goy" linkindex="1690" title="Shabbos goy"&gt;Shabbos goy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#The_Shabbat" linkindex="1691" title="Karaite Judaism"&gt;Shabbat in  Karaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" linkindex="1692" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism"&gt;Sabbath  in Seventh-day Adventism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=19" linkindex="1693" title="Edit section: References"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="References"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="reflist references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"&gt;&lt;div class="references"&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-0" linkindex="1694"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" linkindex="1695" title="Shulchan Aruch"&gt;Shulchan Aruch&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orach_Chayim" linkindex="1696" title="Orach Chayim"&gt;Orach Chayim&lt;/a&gt; 293:2&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-landau-1"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-landau_1-0" linkindex="1697"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-landau_1-1" linkindex="1698"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Landau, Judah Leo. &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt" linkindex="1699" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The  Sabbath&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg,_South_Africa" linkindex="1700" title="Johannesburg, South Africa"&gt;Johannesburg,  South Africa&lt;/a&gt;: Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd. pp.&amp;nbsp;2,  12&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt" linkindex="1701" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved  2009-03-26&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Landau%2C+Judah+Leo&amp;amp;rft.au=Landau%2C+Judah+Leo&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B2%2C+12&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BJohannesburg%2C+South+Africa%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ivri+Publishing+Society%2C+Ltd&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fsabbath00land%2Fsabbath00land_djvu.txt&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-2" linkindex="1702"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation web"&gt;Graham, I. L. (2009). &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/" linkindex="1703" rel="nofollow"&gt;"The Origin of the  Sabbath"&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Eastern_Australia" linkindex="1704" title="Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia"&gt;Presbyterian Church  of Eastern Australia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/" linkindex="1705" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved  2009-03-26&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Graham%2C+I.+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Graham%2C+I.+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BPresbyterian+Church+of+Eastern+Australia%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcea.org.au%2Farticles%2Fthe_westminster_confession%2Fthe_origin_of_the_sabbath%2F&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" linkindex="1706" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"&gt;dead  link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-3" linkindex="1707"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath" linkindex="1708" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Jewish religious year: The  Sabbath"&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" linkindex="1709" title="Encyclopedia Britannica"&gt;Encyclopedia  Britannica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.  2009&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath" linkindex="1710" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved 2009-03-26&lt;/span&gt;.  "Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day  week, nor can they account for the origin of the  Sabbath."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Jewish+religious+year%3A+The+Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BEncyclopedia+Britannica%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Online&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303554%2FJewish-religious-year%2F34908%2FThe-Sabbath&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-4" linkindex="1711"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Bechtel, Florentine (1912). &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm" linkindex="1712" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Sabbath"&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" linkindex="1713" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia"&gt;The Catholic  Encyclopedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" linkindex="1714" title="New York"&gt;New  York&lt;/a&gt;: Robert Appleton Company&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;.  &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm" linkindex="1715" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved  2009-03-26&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Catholic+Encyclopedia%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Bechtel%2C+Florentine&amp;amp;rft.au=Bechtel%2C+Florentine&amp;amp;rft.date=1912&amp;amp;rft.volume=13&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13287b.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-orr-5"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-orr_5-0" linkindex="1716"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-orr_5-1" linkindex="1717"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Sampey, John Richard (1915). &lt;a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Tn4PAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA2630&amp;amp;lpg=PA2630" linkindex="1718" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Sabbath: Critical  Theories"&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Orr" linkindex="1719" title="James Orr"&gt;Orr,  James&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The International Standard Bible  Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt;. Howard-Severance Company.  p.&amp;nbsp;2630&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Tn4PAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA2630&amp;amp;lpg=PA2630" linkindex="1720" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://books.google.com/books?id=Tn4PAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA2630&amp;amp;lpg=PA2630&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved  2009-08-13&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Sabbath%3A+Critical+Theories&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Sampey%2C+John+Richard&amp;amp;rft.au=Sampey%2C+John+Richard&amp;amp;rft.date=1915&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B2630&amp;amp;rft.pub=Howard-Severance+Company&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTn4PAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA2630%26lpg%3DPA2630&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-6" linkindex="1721"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Craveri, Marcello (1967).  &lt;i&gt;The Life of Jesus&lt;/i&gt;. Grove Press.  p.&amp;nbsp;134.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Jesus&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Craveri%2C+Marcello&amp;amp;rft.au=Craveri%2C+Marcello&amp;amp;rft.date=1967&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B134&amp;amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-7" linkindex="1722"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Joseph, Max (1943). "Holidays". In  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Landman" linkindex="1723" title="Isaac Landman"&gt;Landman, Isaac&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The  Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation  of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish  Encyclopedia, Inc. p.&amp;nbsp;410.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Holidays&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+An+authoritative+and+popular+presentation+of+Jews+and+Judaism+since+the+earliest+times&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.au=Joseph%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.date=1943&amp;amp;rft.volume=5&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B410&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+Inc&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-8" linkindex="1724"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Joseph, Max (1943). "Sabbath". In  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Landman" linkindex="1725" title="Isaac Landman"&gt;Landman, Isaac&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The  Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation  of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish  Encyclopedia, Inc. p.&amp;nbsp;295.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+An+authoritative+and+popular+presentation+of+Jews+and+Judaism+since+the+earliest+times&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Joseph%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.au=Joseph%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.date=1943&amp;amp;rft.volume=9&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B295&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+Inc&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-9" linkindex="1726"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Cohen, Simon (1943). "Week". In &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Landman" linkindex="1727" title="Isaac Landman"&gt;Landman, Isaac&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The Universal  Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews  and Judaism since the earliest times&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt;.  Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc.  p.&amp;nbsp;482.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Week&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+An+authoritative+and+popular+presentation+of+Jews+and+Judaism+since+the+earliest+times&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cohen%2C+Simon&amp;amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+Simon&amp;amp;rft.date=1943&amp;amp;rft.volume=10&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B482&amp;amp;rft.pub=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+Inc&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-10" linkindex="1728"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_%28Talmud%29" linkindex="1729" title="Shabbat (Talmud)"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/a&gt; 118&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-11" linkindex="1730"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  See e.g. Numbers 15:32-36.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-12" linkindex="1731"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" linkindex="1732" title="Shulchan Aruch"&gt;Shulchan Aruch&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orach_Chaim" linkindex="1733" title="Orach Chaim"&gt;Orach Chaim&lt;/a&gt; 261.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-13" linkindex="1734"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  Derived from &lt;a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&amp;amp;verse=58:13-14&amp;amp;src=HE" linkindex="1735" rel="nofollow"&gt;Isaiah  58:13-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-14" linkindex="1736"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagigah" linkindex="1737" title="Chagigah"&gt;Chagigah&lt;/a&gt; 1:8.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-15" linkindex="1738"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation Journal"&gt;Neulander, Arthur (1950). "The Use  of Electricity on the Sabbath". &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Rabbinical  Assembly&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt;: 165–171.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Electricity+on+the+Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Rabbinical+Assembly&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Neulander&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;amp;rft.au=Neulander%2C%26%2332%3BArthur&amp;amp;rft.date=1950&amp;amp;rft.volume=14&amp;amp;rft.pages=165%E2%80%93171&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-16" linkindex="1739"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation Journal"&gt;Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob;  Friedman, Theodore (1950). "Responsum on the Sabbath".  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt;: 112–137.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Responsum+on+the+Sabbath&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Rabbinical+Assembly&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Adler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Morris&amp;amp;rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMorris&amp;amp;rft.au=Agus%2C%26%2332%3BJacob&amp;amp;rft.au=Friedman%2C%26%2332%3BTheodore&amp;amp;rft.date=1950&amp;amp;rft.volume=14&amp;amp;rft.pages=112%E2%80%93137&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-17" linkindex="1740"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  Klein, Isaac. &lt;i&gt;A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice.&lt;/i&gt;  The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York,  1979.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-18" linkindex="1741"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq" linkindex="1742" rel="nofollow"&gt;8 saved during "Shabbat from  hell"&lt;/a&gt; (January 17, 2010) in &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.israel21c.org/" linkindex="1743" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Israel 21c Innovation News  Service&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Retrieved 2010–01–18&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-19" linkindex="1744"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html" linkindex="1745" rel="nofollow"&gt;ZAKA rescuemission to Haiti  'proudly desecrating Shabbat'&lt;/a&gt; Religious rescue team holds  Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince.  Retrieved 2010–01–22&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-ynews-20"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-ynews_20-0" linkindex="1746"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html" linkindex="1747" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-21" linkindex="1748"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation web"&gt;Faigin, Daniel P. (2003-09-04). &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html" linkindex="1749" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups  Frequently Asked Questions and Answers"&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" linkindex="1750" title="Usenet"&gt;Usenet&lt;/a&gt;. p. 18.4.7&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html" linkindex="1751" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved  2009-03-27&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Soc.Culture.Jewish+Newsgroups+Frequently+Asked+Questions+and+Answers&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Faigin%2C+Daniel+P.&amp;amp;rft.au=Faigin%2C+Daniel+P.&amp;amp;rft.date=2003-09-04&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.+18.4.7&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUsenet%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamash.org%2Flists%2Fscj-faq%2FHTML%2Ffaq%2F18-04-17.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-22" linkindex="1752"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;span class="citation book"&gt;Meyer, Michael (1988).  &lt;i&gt;Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in  Judaism&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" linkindex="1753" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" linkindex="1754" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;Oxford University Press&lt;/a&gt;.  pp.&amp;nbsp;162ff. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" linkindex="1755" title="International Standard Book Number"&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019505167X" linkindex="1756" title="Special:BookSources/019505167X"&gt;019505167X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Response+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Meyer%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B162ff&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=019505167X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-23" linkindex="1757"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.shj.org/switches.htm" linkindex="1758" rel="nofollow"&gt;Humanistic Judaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-24" linkindex="1759"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=20" linkindex="1760" title="Edit section: Further reading"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"&gt;Further  reading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Modern Jewish Mom's Guide to Shabbat"  &lt;a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Jacobs&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1761" title="Meredith Jacobs (page does not exist)"&gt;Meredith  Jacobs&lt;/a&gt;,HarperCollins  Publishers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Sabbath&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" linkindex="1762" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel"&gt;Abraham Joshua  Heschel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Sabbath: A Guide to  Its Understandings and Observance&lt;/i&gt; Dayan &lt;a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isadore_Grunfeld&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" linkindex="1763" title="Isadore Grunfeld (page does not exist)"&gt;Isadore  Grunfeld&lt;/a&gt;, Philipp Feldheim Inc.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;A  Guide to Jewish Religious Practice&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Klein" linkindex="1764" title="Isaac Klein"&gt;Isaac Klein&lt;/a&gt;, Ktav,  1992&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artscroll" linkindex="1765" title="Artscroll"&gt;Artscroll&lt;/a&gt; Siddur&lt;/i&gt; Ed. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" linkindex="1766" title="Nosson Scherman"&gt;Nosson Scherman&lt;/a&gt;, Mesorah  Publications&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" linkindex="1767" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica"&gt;Encyclopaedia  Judaica&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; entry on "Shabbat", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keter_Publishing_House" linkindex="1768" title="Keter Publishing House"&gt;Keter Publishing House  Ltd.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur_Sim_Shalom" linkindex="1769" title="Siddur Sim Shalom"&gt;Siddur Sim Shalom&lt;/a&gt; for Shabbat and  Festivals&lt;/i&gt; Ed. Leonard S. Cahan, The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" linkindex="1770" title="Rabbinical Assembly"&gt;Rabbinical Assembly&lt;/a&gt; and the  United Synagogue of Conservative  Judaism&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur_Sim_Shalom" linkindex="1771" title="Siddur Sim Shalom"&gt;Siddur Sim Shalom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Ed. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Harlow" linkindex="1772" title="Jules Harlow"&gt;Jules Harlow&lt;/a&gt;, The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" linkindex="1773" title="Rabbinical Assembly"&gt;Rabbinical Assembly&lt;/a&gt; and the  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" linkindex="1774" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism"&gt;United Synagogue of  Conservative Judaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sabbath -  Day of Eternity&lt;/i&gt; by Rabbi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" linkindex="1775" title="Aryeh Kaplan"&gt;Aryeh Kaplan&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/publications/kaplan/shabbat/default.htm" linkindex="1776" rel="nofollow"&gt;online  version&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Laws of Shabbat (A  37-part self study course)&lt;/i&gt; Rabbi Daniel Schloss - here &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-25" linkindex="1777"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sabbath's  Place in the Individual&lt;/i&gt; (Translated Introduction to Raza  L'Shabat), Rabbi Haim Lifshitz - here.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_note-26" linkindex="1778"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="reflist references-small"&gt;&lt;div class="references"&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-25" linkindex="1779"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external free" href="http://www.aish.com/shabbatlaws/selfstudycourse/default.asp" linkindex="1780" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.aish.com/shabbatlaws/selfstudycourse/default.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#cite_ref-26" linkindex="1781"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;a class="external free" href="http://english.sadnatenosh.org/dload/shabat.htm" linkindex="1782" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://english.sadnatenosh.org/dload/shabat.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=21" linkindex="1783" title="Edit section: External links"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"&gt;External  links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text"&gt;Look up &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sabbath" linkindex="1784" title="wiktionary:sabbath"&gt;sabbath&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" linkindex="1785" title="Wiktionary"&gt;Wiktionary&lt;/a&gt;, the free  dictionary.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text"&gt;Wikimedia Commons has media related  to: &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shabbat" linkindex="1786" title="commons:Category:Shabbat"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/advanced/shulchan-aruch/ocarchives.html" linkindex="1787" rel="nofollow"&gt;a more detailed summary of the  laws of Shabbat&lt;/a&gt; from Torah.org, based on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" linkindex="1788" title="Shulchan Aruch"&gt;Shulchan Aruch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span class="collapseButton"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#" id="collapseButton0"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"&gt;&lt;div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shabbat" linkindex="1789" title="Template:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="View this template"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shabbat" linkindex="1790" title="Template talk:Shabbat"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="Discuss this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Shabbat&amp;amp;action=edit" linkindex="1791" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="Edit this template"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;b class="selflink"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/b&gt; • &lt;b class="selflink"&gt;שבת&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;Prayers/Rituals&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqashot" linkindex="1792" title="Baqashot"&gt;Baqashot&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarah" linkindex="1793" title="Haftarah"&gt;Haftarah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush" linkindex="1794" title="Kiddush"&gt;Kiddush&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services" linkindex="1795" title="Jewish services"&gt;Jewish services&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;•  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" linkindex="1796" title="Lekhah Dodi"&gt;Lekhah Dodi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maftir" linkindex="1797" title="Maftir"&gt;Maftir&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudah_Shlishit" linkindex="1798" title="Seudah Shlishit"&gt;Seudah Shlishit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Aleichem_%28liturgy%29" linkindex="1799" title="Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)"&gt;Shalom  Aleichem&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_reading" linkindex="1800" title="Torah reading"&gt;Torah reading&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triennial_cycle" linkindex="1801" title="Triennial cycle"&gt;Triennial cycle&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedid_Nefesh" linkindex="1802" title="Yedid Nefesh"&gt;Yedid Nefesh&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemirot" linkindex="1803" title="Zemirot"&gt;Zemirot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;Food&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challah" linkindex="1804" title="Challah"&gt;Challah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholent" linkindex="1805" title="Cholent"&gt;Cholent&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefilte_fish" linkindex="1806" title="Gefilte fish"&gt;Gefilte fish&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_wine" linkindex="1807" title="Kosher wine"&gt;Kosher wine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugel" linkindex="1808" title="Kugel"&gt;Kugel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;Objects&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blech" linkindex="1809" title="Blech"&gt;Blech&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challah_cover" linkindex="1810" title="Challah cover"&gt;Challah cover&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_candles" linkindex="1811" title="Shabbat candles"&gt;Shabbat candles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;Laws&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" linkindex="1812" title="Biblical Sabbath"&gt;Biblical Sabbath&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1813" title="Cooking on Shabbat"&gt;Cooking on Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat_in_Jewish_law" linkindex="1814" title="Driving on Shabbat in Jewish law"&gt;Driving&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;•  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat_in_Jewish_law" linkindex="1815" title="Electricity on Shabbat in Jewish law"&gt;Electricity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv" linkindex="1816" title="Eruv"&gt;Eruv&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv_tavshilin" linkindex="1817" title="Eruv tavshilin"&gt;Eruv tavshilin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv_techumin" linkindex="1818" title="Eruv techumin"&gt;Eruv techumin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktzah" linkindex="1819" title="Muktzah"&gt;Muktzah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1820" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat"&gt;Prohibited  activities&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" linkindex="1821" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat"&gt;Rabbinically  prohibited activities&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbos_goy" linkindex="1822" title="Shabbos goy"&gt;Shabbos goy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" linkindex="1823" title="Shomer Shabbat"&gt;Shomer Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;Innovations&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_clock" linkindex="1824" title="Shabbat clock"&gt;Shabbat clock&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_elevator" linkindex="1825" title="Shabbat elevator"&gt;Shabbat elevator&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" linkindex="1826" title="Shabbat lamp"&gt;Shabbat lamp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_microphone" linkindex="1827" title="Shabbat microphone"&gt;Shabbat microphone&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_mode" linkindex="1828" title="Shabbat mode"&gt;Shabbat mode&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_module" linkindex="1829" title="Shabbat module"&gt;Shabbat module&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Shabbat" linkindex="1830" title="Special Shabbat"&gt;Special Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbrengen" linkindex="1831" title="Farbrengen"&gt;Farbrengen&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Jewish_Outreach_Program#Shabbat_Across_America.2FCanada" linkindex="1832" title="National Jewish Outreach Program"&gt;Shabbat Across  America&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbaton" linkindex="1833" title="Shabbaton"&gt;Shabbaton&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" linkindex="1834" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat"&gt;Eve of Passover on  Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(238, 238, 238);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motzei_Shabbat" linkindex="1835" title="Motzei Shabbat"&gt;Motzei Shabbat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah" linkindex="1836" title="Havdalah"&gt;Havdalah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddush_Levana" linkindex="1837" title="Kiddush Levana"&gt;Kiddush Levana&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;• &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaveh_Malkah" linkindex="1838" title="Melaveh Malkah"&gt;Melaveh Malkah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span class="collapseButton"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat#" id="collapseButton1"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"&gt;&lt;div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" linkindex="1839" title="Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="View this template"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" linkindex="1840" title="Template talk:Jewish and Israeli holidays"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="Discuss this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays&amp;amp;action=edit" linkindex="1841" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none;" title="Edit this template"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday" linkindex="1842" title="Jewish holiday"&gt;Jewish&lt;/a&gt; holidays and  observances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group"&gt;Jewish holidays&lt;br /&gt;and observances&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b class="selflink"&gt;Shabbat&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" linkindex="1843" title="Rosh Chodesh"&gt;Rosh Chodesh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Holy_Days" linkindex="1844" title="High Holy Days"&gt;High Holy Days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" linkindex="1845" title="Rosh Hashanah"&gt;Rosh Hashanah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" linkindex="1846" title="Fast of Gedalia"&gt;Fast of Gedalia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur" linkindex="1847" title="Yom Kippur"&gt;Yom  Kippur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot" linkindex="1848" title="Sukkot"&gt;Sukkot&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" linkindex="1849" title="Hoshana Rabbah"&gt;Hoshana Rabbah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" linkindex="1850" title="Shemini Atzeret"&gt;Shemini  Atzeret&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simchat_Torah" linkindex="1851" title="Simchat Torah"&gt;Simchat Torah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isru_chag" linkindex="1852" title="Isru chag"&gt;Isru  chag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" linkindex="1853" title="Hanukkah"&gt;Hanukkah&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" linkindex="1854" title="Tenth of Tevet"&gt;Tenth of Tevet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Bishvat" linkindex="1855" title="Tu Bishvat"&gt;Tu  Bishvat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" linkindex="1856" title="Fast of Esther"&gt;Fast of  Esther&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" linkindex="1857" title="Purim"&gt;Purim&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" linkindex="1858" title="Purim"&gt;Purim Katan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" linkindex="1859" title="Fast of the Firstborn"&gt;Fast of the  Firstborn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;and&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" linkindex="1860" title="Passover"&gt;Passover&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" linkindex="1861" title="Pesach Sheni"&gt;Pesach Sheni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" linkindex="1862" title="Lag BaOmer"&gt;Lag  BaOmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" linkindex="1863" title="Shavuot"&gt;Shavuot&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" linkindex="1864" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz"&gt;17th of  Tammuz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" linkindex="1865" title="The Three Weeks"&gt;The Three Weeks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Days" linkindex="1866" title="The Nine Days"&gt;The Nine Days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" linkindex="1867" title="Tisha B'Av"&gt;Tisha B'Av&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" linkindex="1868" title="Tu B'Av"&gt;Tu  B'Av&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;Chasidic holidays&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_Kislev" linkindex="1869" title="19 Kislev"&gt;19 Kislev&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;Modern holidays&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" linkindex="1870" title="Yom HaShoah"&gt;Yom  HaShoah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Hazikaron" linkindex="1871" title="Yom Hazikaron"&gt;Yom Hazikaron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Ha%27atzmaut" linkindex="1872" title="Yom Ha'atzmaut"&gt;Yom Ha'atzmaut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" linkindex="1873" title="Jerusalem Day"&gt;Yom Yerushalayim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" linkindex="1874" title="Jewish ethnic divisions"&gt;Ethnic&lt;/a&gt; holidays&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimouna" linkindex="1875" title="Mimouna"&gt;Mimouna&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigd" linkindex="1876" title="Sigd"&gt;Sigd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" linkindex="1877" title="Hebrew calendar"&gt;Hebrew calendar&lt;/a&gt;  months&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishrei" linkindex="1878" title="Tishrei"&gt;Tishrei&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcheshvan" linkindex="1879" title="Marcheshvan"&gt;Marcheshvan&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislev" linkindex="1880" title="Kislev"&gt;Kislev&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevet" linkindex="1881" title="Tevet"&gt;Tevet&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevat" linkindex="1882" title="Shevat"&gt;Shevat&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adar" linkindex="1883" title="Adar"&gt;Adar&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisan" linkindex="1884" title="Nisan"&gt;Nisan&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyar" linkindex="1885" title="Iyar"&gt;Iyar&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivan" linkindex="1886" title="Sivan"&gt;Sivan&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_%28Hebrew_month%29" linkindex="1887" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)"&gt;Tammuz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av" linkindex="1888" title="Av"&gt;Av&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elul" linkindex="1889" title="Elul"&gt;Elul&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" linkindex="1890" title="Jewish holidays 2000–2050"&gt;Jewish holidays  2000–2050&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; 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linkindex="1922"&gt;Halakha&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" linkindex="1923"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" linkindex="1924"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" linkindex="1925"&gt;Mishnah&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20holiday" linkindex="1926"&gt;Jewish  holiday&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%20Judaism" linkindex="1927"&gt;Conservative  Judaism&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah" linkindex="1928"&gt;Mitzvah&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform%20Judaism" linkindex="1929"&gt;Reform  Judaism&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20services" linkindex="1930"&gt;Jewish  services&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;                 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox%20Judaism" linkindex="1931"&gt;Orthodox  Judaism&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal expanded" id="p-interaction"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="2"&gt;Interaction&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body" style="display: block;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="n-help"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" linkindex="1932" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"&gt;Help&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-aboutsite"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" linkindex="1933" title="Find out about Wikipedia"&gt;About Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-portal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" linkindex="1934" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"&gt;Community portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-recentchanges"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="r" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" linkindex="1935" title="The list of recent changes in the wiki [alt-shift-r]"&gt;Recent changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-contact"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" linkindex="1936" title="How to contact Wikipedia"&gt;Contact Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal collapsed" id="p-tb"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="3"&gt;Toolbox&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="t-whatlinkshere"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="j" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shabbat" linkindex="1937" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [alt-shift-j]"&gt;What links  here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-recentchangeslinked"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="k" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Shabbat" linkindex="1938" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [alt-shift-k]"&gt;Related changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-upload"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="u" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" linkindex="1939" title="Upload files [alt-shift-u]"&gt;Upload file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-specialpages"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="q" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" linkindex="1940" title="List of all special pages [alt-shift-q]"&gt;Special  pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-permalink"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;oldid=405135726" linkindex="1941" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page"&gt;Permanent  link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-cite"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&amp;amp;page=Shabbat&amp;amp;id=405135726" linkindex="1942" title="Information on how to cite this page"&gt;Cite this  page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal collapsed" id="p-coll-print_export"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="4"&gt;Print/export&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body"&gt;&lt;ul id="collectionPortletList"&gt;&lt;li id="coll-create_a_book"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;amp;referer=Shabbat" linkindex="1943" rel="nofollow" title="Create a book or page collection"&gt;Create a  book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="coll-download-as-rl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;amp;arttitle=Shabbat&amp;amp;oldid=405135726&amp;amp;writer=rl" linkindex="1944" rel="nofollow" title="Download a PDF version of this wiki page"&gt;Download as PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-print"&gt;&lt;a accesskey="p" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&amp;amp;printable=yes" linkindex="1945" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]"&gt;Printable version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang"&gt;&lt;h5 tabindex="5"&gt;Languages&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="body" style="display: block;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-als"&gt;&lt;a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabbat" linkindex="1946" title="Schabbat"&gt;Alemannisch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ba"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" linkindex="1947" title="Шаббат"&gt;Башҡорт&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ca"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0bat" linkindex="1948" title="Sàbat"&gt;Català&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ceb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1949" title="Shabat"&gt;Cebuano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cs"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1950" title="Šabat"&gt;Česky&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1951" title="Shabbat"&gt;Cymraeg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-da"&gt;&lt;a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1952" title="Sabbat"&gt;Dansk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-de FA" title="This is a featured article in another language."&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1953" title="Sabbat"&gt;Deutsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-es"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1954" title="Sabbat"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cabato" linkindex="1955" title="Ŝabato"&gt;Esperanto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1956" title="Sabbat"&gt;Euskara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fa"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" linkindex="1957" title="شبات"&gt;فارسی&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabbat" linkindex="1958" title="Chabbat"&gt;Français&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-gl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1959" title="Shabat"&gt;Galego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hak"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n-sit-ngit" linkindex="1960" title="Ôn-sit-ngit"&gt;Hak-kâ-fa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ko"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%BC" linkindex="1961" title="안식일"&gt;한국어&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1962" title="Šabat"&gt;Hrvatski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-id"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabat" linkindex="1963" title="Sabat"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-it"&gt;&lt;a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1964" title="Shabbat"&gt;Italiano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-he"&gt;&lt;a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" linkindex="1965" title="שבת"&gt;עברית&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sw"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabato" linkindex="1966" title="Sabato"&gt;Kiswahili&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabats" linkindex="1967" title="Sabats"&gt;Latviešu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abas" linkindex="1968" title="Šabas"&gt;Lietuvių&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-li"&gt;&lt;a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1969" title="Sabbat"&gt;Limburgs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugalomnap" linkindex="1970" title="Nyugalomnap"&gt;Magyar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ms"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1971" title="Shabbat"&gt;Bahasa  Melayu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat_%28jodendom%29" linkindex="1972" title="Sabbat (jodendom)"&gt;Nederlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ja"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5" linkindex="1973" title="安息日"&gt;日本語&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-no"&gt;&lt;a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat_%28j%C3%B8disk%29" linkindex="1974" title="Sabbat (jødisk)"&gt;‪Norsk (bokmål)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabb%C3%A1t" linkindex="1975" title="Sjabbát"&gt;‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-oc"&gt;&lt;a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1976" title="Shabat"&gt;Occitan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabat" linkindex="1977" title="Szabat"&gt;Polski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" linkindex="1978" title="Shabat"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ro"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatul_biblic" linkindex="1979" title="Sabatul biblic"&gt;Română&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ru"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" linkindex="1980" title="Шаббат"&gt;Русский&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-simple"&gt;&lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" linkindex="1981" title="Shabbat"&gt;Simple English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1982" title="Šabat"&gt;Slovenčina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1983" title="Šabat"&gt;Slovenščina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abat" linkindex="1984" title="Šabat"&gt;Srpskohrvatski /  Српскохрватски&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapatti" linkindex="1985" title="Sapatti"&gt;Suomi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" linkindex="1986" title="Sabbat"&gt;Svenska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabado_%28Hudaismo%29" linkindex="1987" title="Sabado (Hudaismo)"&gt;Tagalog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebt_/_%C5%9Eabat" linkindex="1988" title="Sebt / Şabat"&gt;Türkçe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-yi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" linkindex="1989" title="שבת"&gt;ייִדיש&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bat-smg"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abs" linkindex="1990" title="Šabs"&gt;Žemaitėška&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5" linkindex="1991" title="安息日"&gt;中文&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul id="footer-info" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li id="footer-info-lastmod"&gt; This page was  last modified on 31 December 2010 at 08:05.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="footer-info-copyright"&gt;Text is available under the &lt;a 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width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://pdfcrowd.com/url_to_pdf/?width=210mm&amp;amp;height=297mm" linkindex="1997" rel="nofollow" title="Descargar pagina como PDF"&gt;&lt;img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hljKDuw-cxQ/TH__Z-dFXmI/AAAAAAAAQP0/qhIMzclbEq4/s00/pdf_file.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tablo" style="width: 400px;" summary=""&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: blue;"&gt;Fuentes - Fonts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr valing="top"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ffcc33; font-weight: bold;"&gt;SOUV2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="noBR"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2P.TTF" linkindex="1998" title="SOUV2P.TTF"&gt;SOUV2P.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 57 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2I.TTF" linkindex="1999" title="SOUV2I.TTF"&gt;SOUV2I.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 59 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2B.TTF" linkindex="2000" title="SOUV2B.TTF"&gt;SOUV2B.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 56 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2T.TTF" linkindex="2001" title="SOUV2T.TTF"&gt;SOUV2T.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 56 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ffcc33; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Balaram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="noBR"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/bai_____.ttf" linkindex="2002" title="bai_____.ttf"&gt;bai_____.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 46 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/babi____.ttf" linkindex="2003" title="babi____.ttf"&gt;babi____.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 47 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/bab_____.ttf" linkindex="2004" title="bab_____.ttf"&gt;bab_____.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 45 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/balaram_.ttf" linkindex="2005" title="balaram_.ttf"&gt;balaram_.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 45 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ffcc33; font-weight: bold;"&gt;ScaGoudy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="noBR"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SCAGRG__.TTF" linkindex="2006" title="SOUV2P.TTF"&gt;SCAGRG__.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 73 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SCAGI___.TTF" linkindex="2007" title="SOUV2P.TTF"&gt;SCAGI__.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 71 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SCAGB___.TTF" linkindex="2008" title="SOUV2P.TTF"&gt;SCAGB__.TTF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 68 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ffcc33; font-weight: bold;"&gt;FOLIO 4.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="noBR"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/inbenr11.ttf" linkindex="2009" title="inbenr11.ttf"&gt;inbenr11.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 64 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/inbeno11.ttf" linkindex="2010" title="inbeno11.ttf"&gt;inbeno11.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 12 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/inbeni11.ttf" linkindex="2011" title="inbeni11.ttf"&gt;inbeni11.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 12 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/inbenb11.ttf" linkindex="2012" title="inbenb11.ttf"&gt;inbenb11.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 66 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="object_link" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/indevr20.ttf" linkindex="2013" title="indevr20.ttf"&gt;indevr20.ttf&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; - 53 KB&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ffcc33; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Biblica Font&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="noBR"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Greek font:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/BibLS.ttf" linkindex="2014"&gt;BibliaLS Normal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Greek font: &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/BibLSB.ttf" linkindex="2015"&gt;BibliaLS Bold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Greek font:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/BibLSBI.ttf" linkindex="2016"&gt;BibliaLS Bold Italic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Greek font:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/BibLSI.ttf" linkindex="2017"&gt;BibliaLS Italic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hebrew font:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/SILEOT.ttf" linkindex="2018"&gt;Ezra SIL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hebrew font:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.williamwelty.com/william/fonts/SILEOTSR.ttf" linkindex="2019"&gt;Ezra SIL SR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2020"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script src="http://jc.revolvermaps.com/r.js" type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;rm_f1st('0','280','true','false','000000','2ejDoU83EFv','true','ff0000');&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;applet codebase="http://rc.revolvermaps.com/j" code="core.RE" width="280" height="280" archive="g.jar"&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="cabbase" value="g.cab" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="r" value="true" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="n" value="false" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="i" value="2ejDoU83EFv" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="m" value="0" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="s" value="280" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="c" value="ff0000" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="v" value="true" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="b" value="000000" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;param name="rfc" value="true" /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;/applet&amp;amp;amp;gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://s04.flagcounter.com/more/YcOS" linkindex="2021"&gt;&lt;img alt="free counters" border="0" src="http://s04.flagcounter.com/count/YcOS/bg=FFFFFF/txt=000000/border=CCCCCC/columns=7/maxflags=49/viewers=0/labels=1/pageviews=1/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2022" name="tablasMitolog.C3ADas"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;Disculpen las Molestias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="a"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="box" href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/25" linkindex="2023"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Página PRINCIPAL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="box" href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3743" linkindex="2024"&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="box" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/278/Agradecimientos" linkindex="2025"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Agradecimientos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="box" href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/492/Cuadro_General" linkindex="2026" rel="bookmark"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cuadro General&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2027" name="tablasMitGriega"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tabla"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1200/" linkindex="2028" style="color: white;"&gt;Category: Greek Mythology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2029"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1200/" linkindex="2030"&gt;Category: Greek Mythology&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3474" linkindex="2031"&gt;A - Amp&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3551" linkindex="2032"&gt;Amp - Az&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3795/Greek_mythology_-_Bacchoi_-_Byzas" linkindex="2033"&gt;B&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/3825/Greek_mythology_-_Caanthus_-_Cyzicus" linkindex="2034"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4007/Greek_mythology_-_Dactyl_mythology_-_Dysnomia_mythology" linkindex="2035"&gt;D&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4102/Greek_mythology_-_Echemus_-_Evslin_Bernard" linkindex="2036"&gt;E&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4287/Greek_mythology_-_Fortunate_Isles" linkindex="2037"&gt;F&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4244/" linkindex="2038"&gt;G&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4288/Greek_mythology_-_Hades_-_Hyrtacus" linkindex="2039"&gt;H&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4426/CategoryGreek_mythology_Iacchus_-_Iynx" linkindex="2040"&gt;I&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4484/" linkindex="2041"&gt;J&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4480" linkindex="2042"&gt;K&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4514/CategoryGreek_mythology_Labda_-_Lysithea_mythology" linkindex="2043"&gt;L&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4663/Greek_mythology_-_Macar_-_Mysus" linkindex="2044"&gt;M&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4766/Greek_mythology_-_Nana_-_Nyx" linkindex="2045"&gt;N&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/4888/Greek_mythology_-_Ocalea_mythology_-_Oxyntes" linkindex="2046"&gt;O&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/103" linkindex="2047"&gt;P&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/181" linkindex="2048"&gt;Q- R&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/180/Greek_Mythology_Salamis_mythology_-_Syrinx" linkindex="2049"&gt;S&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/298/Greek_mythology_-_Taenarum_-_Tyro" linkindex="2050"&gt;T&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/363/Greek_mythology_-_Unknown_God_-_User-Tuxedohamm-tree" linkindex="2051"&gt;U&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/364/Greek_mythology_-_Vatican_Mythographer_-_Voluptas" linkindex="2052"&gt;V&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/383/Greek_Mythology_Water_sprite_-_Works_and_Days" linkindex="2053"&gt;W&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/384" linkindex="2054"&gt;X&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/386/Greek_Mythology_Y" linkindex="2055"&gt;Y&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/385" linkindex="2056"&gt;Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua.multiply.com/journal/item/1218" linkindex="2057"&gt;Greek Mythology stub&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/391/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Abaeus_-_Alcyoneus" linkindex="2058"&gt;Ab - Al&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/397/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Alectryon_-_Azone" linkindex="2059"&gt;Ale - Ant&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/403/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Anthus_mythology_-_Azan_mythology" linkindex="2060"&gt;Ant - Az&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/408/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Bacchoi_-_Butes" linkindex="2061"&gt;B&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/416/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Calesius_-_Cynurus" linkindex="2062"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/435/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Daedalion_-_Dymas" linkindex="2063"&gt;D&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/446/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Echemus_-_Evslin_Bernard" linkindex="2064"&gt;E&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/453/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Galanthis_-_Gorgophone_-_Fortunate_Isles" linkindex="2065"&gt;F - G&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/456/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Haemus_-_Hyrtacus" linkindex="2066"&gt;H&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/490/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Iamus_-_Iynx" linkindex="2067"&gt;I&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/491/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs_Kalamos_-_Kyrvas" linkindex="2068"&gt;K&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/552/Greek_mythology_stubs_Labda_-_Lysithea_mythology" linkindex="2069"&gt;L&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/560/Greek_Mythology_stubs_Macar_-_Mysus" linkindex="2070"&gt;M&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/566/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Nausinous_-_Nysa_mythology" linkindex="2071"&gt;N&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/569/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Ocalea_mythology_-_Oxyntes" linkindex="2072"&gt;O&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/574/Category_Greek_mythology_stubs_Palici_-_Pyreneus" linkindex="2073"&gt;P&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/104/Queen_Rhodope" linkindex="2074"&gt;Q - R&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/575/Greek_mythology_stubs_Rhacius_-_Rhexenor" linkindex="2075"&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/578/Greek_mythology_stubs_Salmoneus_-_Symplegades" linkindex="2076"&gt;S&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/582/Greek_mythology_stubs_-_Taenarum_-_Tritons" linkindex="2077"&gt;T&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/404/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs" linkindex="2078"&gt;A - K&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/454/CategoryGreek_mythology_stubs_F-J" linkindex="2079" rel="bookmark"&gt;L - Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/593" linkindex="2080"&gt;Category:Greek deity stubs (593)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/591/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Acantha_-_Azone" linkindex="2081"&gt;A&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/592/Category_Greek_deity_stubs_Balius_and_Xanthus_-_Brychon" linkindex="2082"&gt;B&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/595/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Caanthus_-_Cyrene" linkindex="2083"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/617/CategoryGreek_deity_stubs_Daphnaie_-_Dysnomia_mythology" linkindex="2084"&gt;D&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/618/Greek_deity_stubs_Efreisone_-_Euthenia" linkindex="2085"&gt;E&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/623/Greek_deity_stubs_Geras_-_Gynaecothoenas" linkindex="2086"&gt;G&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/624/Greek_deity_stubs_Halirrhotius_-_Hypates" linkindex="2087"&gt;H&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/626/Greek_deity_stubs_Iacchus_-_Iphimedeia" linkindex="2088"&gt;I&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/627/Kallichore_mythology_-_Korkyra" linkindex="2089"&gt;K&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/5023/Greek_deity_stubs_Lampades_-_Lysianassa" linkindex="2090"&gt;L&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/630/Greek_deity_stubs_Mania_-_Morpheus" linkindex="2091"&gt;M&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/633/Greek_deity_stubs_Nana_mythology_-_Nysiads" linkindex="2092"&gt;N&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/634/Greek_deity_stubs_Ocyrhoe_-_Ourea" linkindex="2093"&gt;O&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/641/Greek_deity_stubs_Pandia_-_Pylus_mythology" linkindex="2094"&gt;P&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/643/Greek_deity_stubs_Sangarius_mythology_-_Sterope_Pleiad" linkindex="2095"&gt;S&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/644/CategoryGreek_deity_stub_-_Taphius_-_Tyro" linkindex="2096"&gt;T&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/645/Category_Greek_deity_stubs_Unknown_God_-_Urania" linkindex="2097"&gt;U&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/380/Zelus_o_Zelo" linkindex="2098"&gt;Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2099"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2100" name="tablasMitRomana"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tabla"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;Mitología Romana&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/662/CategoryAeneid" linkindex="2101"&gt;Category:Aeneid (662)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/670/CategoryCharacters_in_the_Aeneid" linkindex="2102"&gt;Category:Characters in the Aeneid (670)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/718/CategoryCharacters_in_Book_VI_of_the_Aeneid" linkindex="2103"&gt;Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid (718)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/769/CategoryKings_of_Rome" linkindex="2104"&gt;Category:Kings of Rome (769)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/772" linkindex="2105"&gt;Category:Latin kings (772)EA2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/803/CategoryDeities_in_the_Aeneid" linkindex="2106"&gt;Category:Deities in the Aeneid (803)EA2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2107" name="tablasMitEur"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tabla"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;Otras Ramas de Mitología&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="1" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 92%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2108"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/586/" linkindex="2109"&gt;Mitología en General 1&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/587/" linkindex="2110"&gt;Mitología en General 2&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2865/CategoryFestival_in_Ancient_Greece" linkindex="2111" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Festivals in Ancient Greece (2865)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2207/Indo-European_mythology_-_59_pages" linkindex="2112" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Indo-European mythology&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1483/CategoryFestivals_in_Ancient_Greece" linkindex="2113" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Festivals in Ancient Greece (1483)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/CategoryAncient_Olympic_Games" linkindex="2114" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Olympic Games (1484)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2876/CategoryAncient_Olympic_Games" linkindex="2115" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Olympic Games (2876)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2889/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="2116" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (2889)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="2117" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (1485)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/CategoryAncient_Olympic_competitors" linkindex="2118" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Olympic competitors (2910)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2938/CategoryAncient_Greek_athletes" linkindex="2119" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Greek athletes (2938)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/CategoryAncient_Greek_athletes" linkindex="2120" rel="bookmark"&gt;Category:Ancient Greek athletes (1486)JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3033" linkindex="2121" rel="bookmark"&gt;Mitología General (3033)SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/101" linkindex="2122"&gt;101SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3132" linkindex="2123"&gt;3132SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3048" linkindex="2124"&gt;3048SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3060" linkindex="2125"&gt;3060SC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3118" linkindex="2126"&gt;3118SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3095" linkindex="2127"&gt;3095SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/876" linkindex="2128"&gt;876SC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/938" linkindex="2129"&gt;938SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986" linkindex="2130"&gt;986SC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1289" linkindex="2131"&gt;1289SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1109" linkindex="2132"&gt;1109SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1407" linkindex="2133"&gt;1407SC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1107" linkindex="2134"&gt;1107SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2494" linkindex="2135"&gt;2494JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2495" linkindex="2136"&gt;2495JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2876" linkindex="2137"&gt;2876JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2865" linkindex="2138"&gt;2865JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2889" linkindex="2139"&gt;2889JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2938" linkindex="2140"&gt;2938JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2596" linkindex="2141"&gt;2596JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2606" linkindex="2142"&gt;2606JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2621" linkindex="2143"&gt;2621JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2450" linkindex="2144"&gt;2450JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1476" linkindex="2145"&gt;1476JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/1477" linkindex="2146"&gt;1477JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2825" linkindex="2147"&gt;2825JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2740" linkindex="2148"&gt;2740JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2694" linkindex="2149"&gt;2694JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2806" linkindex="2150"&gt;2806JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2738" linkindex="2151"&gt;2738JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2660" linkindex="2152"&gt;2660JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2808" linkindex="2153"&gt;2808JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2734" linkindex="2154"&gt;2734JC&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;| &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2703" linkindex="2155"&gt;2703JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://juancastaneira.multiply.com/journal/item/2910" linkindex="2156"&gt;2910JC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3051" linkindex="2157"&gt;3051SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2158"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2159" name="tablasReligi.C3B3n_Cat.C3B3lica"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;Religión Católica&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="2160"&gt;Religión Católica&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; | &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3228/PAPAS_-_POPES" linkindex="2161"&gt;PAPAS - POPES&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; | &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://mitosandleyendasantiguas.blogspot.com/2010/09/101-mitos-de-la-biblia-2-de-gary.html" linkindex="2162"&gt;MITOS DE LA BIBLIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jfAj0WKKcY" id="video-long-title-7jfAj0WKKcY" linkindex="2163" rel="nofollow" title="Via Crucis desde Roma - 10/04/2009"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Via Crucis desde Roma&lt;/span&gt; - 10/04/2009 &lt;/a&gt; (Completo) (www.populartv.net Oficiado por su Santidad el Papa Benedicto XVI).&lt;br /&gt;Papa Juan Pablo II (Karol Wojtyla). (&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEVt9CSkfBM&amp;amp;feature=related" linkindex="2164" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Gloriosa"&gt;Rosarium Mysteria Gloriosa&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7C1ckeQP5w&amp;amp;feature=related" linkindex="2165" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Doloris"&gt;Rosarium Mysteria Doloris&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02TFZVEZe7Y" id="video-long-title-02TFZVEZe7Y" linkindex="2166" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Rosarium Mysteria Gaudii"&gt;Rosarium Mysteria Gaudii&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLIC_RELIGION" linkindex="2167"&gt;CATHOLIC RELIGION&amp;nbsp; (2020)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3219/CategoryRoman_Catholicism" linkindex="2168"&gt;Category:Roman Catholicism (3219)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3220/Catolicismo" linkindex="2169"&gt;Catolicismo (3220)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3243/Pope_o_Papas" linkindex="2170"&gt;Pope o Papas (3243)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cccccc; font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. Handel: Brockes Passion, HWV 48 / Marcus Creed (OedipusColoneus) (3243)SK&lt;/span&gt; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkBV6tEmYx8 &lt;span style="color: #cccccc; font-weight: bold;"&gt;4. Handel: Brockes Passion, HWV 48 / Marcus Creed (OedipusColoneus) (3243)SK&lt;/span&gt; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM3Y5CxvKcg&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3221/CategoryPopes" linkindex="2171"&gt;Category:Popes (3221)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://elagua2.multiply.com/journal/item/738/Listado_de_Papas_desde_Pedro_hasta_el_presente" linkindex="2172"&gt;Listado de Papas desde Pedro hasta el presente (738)EA2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="2173"&gt;Catholics &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="insertedphoto"&gt;&lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#Contenido" linkindex="2174"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="alignleft" src="http://multiply.com/mu/elagua/image/WvHO7KU2oqQ-V7VLy63h6g/photos/3143M/300x300/3168/Up.png?et=aGyRlvBU3Cx2PHqKBQ7mkQ&amp;amp;nmid=0" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4747365337829539104&amp;amp;postID=5764682428426786775" linkindex="2175" name="tablasGeneralAbajo"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html" linkindex="2176"&gt;Sri Garga-Samhita&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html" linkindex="2177"&gt;Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2178" rel="bookmark"&gt;Devotees Vaishnavas&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://devoteesvaishnavas.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2179" rel="bookmark"&gt;Dandavat pranams - All glories to Srila Prabhupada&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://harikathapurebhakti.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2180" rel="bookmark"&gt;Hari Katha&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://santoscatlicos.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2181" rel="bookmark"&gt;Santos Católicos&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/04/judaismo-indice.html" linkindex="2182"&gt;JUDAISMO&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://buddhismoreligion.blogspot.com/2010/04/buddhism.html" linkindex="2183"&gt;Buddhism&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elmundoegipcioantiguo.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2184" rel="bookmark"&gt;El Mundo del ANTIGUO EGIPTO II&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2185" rel="bookmark"&gt;El Antiguo Egipto I&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://archivodelcervantes.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2186" rel="bookmark"&gt;Archivo Cervantes&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://sivanandayogaindia.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2187" rel="bookmark"&gt;Sivananda Yoga&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://nealedonaldwalsh.blogspot.com/" linkindex="2188" rel="bookmark"&gt;Neale Donald Walsch&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS" linkindex="2189"&gt;SWAMIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class="date-header" style="font-weight: normal; 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background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; font-size: 95%; text-align: left; width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1686/ISKCON_SWAMIS" linkindex="2194"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; SWAMIS&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;· &lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/MEJORAS_a_la_WEB" linkindex="2195"&gt;Mejoras&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;· &lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2020/CATHOLICS_RELIGION" linkindex="2196"&gt;Catholics &lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #ffccff; color: black; text-align: justify;"&gt;Nota: JC: http://juancastaneira.multiply.com | SC: http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com | SK: http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com | EA: http://elagua.multiply.com | EA2: http://elagua2.multiply.com | CA: http://casaindiasricaitanyamahaprabhu.blog.com&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4747365337829539104-5764682428426786775?l=judaismoglobal.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/feeds/5764682428426786775/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/5764682428426786775'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/5764682428426786775'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2011/01/sabbat.html' title='Sabbat'/><author><name>Sricaitanya Das</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_aeFcQ2Gana0/S6czSO_XisI/AAAAAAAAFmQ/y5QznxjlMHo/S220/16818694.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_8PJ-pgoBhWQ/TEqn4rTB2lI/AAAAAAAAIQ4/c2oZYxpGQeo/s72-c/firefox.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104.post-5616062821375450484</id><published>2010-09-15T21:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-15T22:00:18.473-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='judaismo'/><title type='text'>Rosh Hashaná - elladadichoshermosos.blogspot.com/</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;table width="700" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;    h1 {  font-size: 18pt;     color: #47FF75    }  h2 {    font-size: 16pt;    font-weight: bold    }    h3 {    font-size: 14pt;    font-weight: bold    }  h4  {    font-size: 14pt;    font-weight: bold;   color: #ff6600   }    table, td, th {  width: 700px;  }   table.tabla, td, th {  width: 700px;  }  th  {  background-color:green;  color:white; }  .audio {  width:  360px;  }   Body  {    font-size: 14pt;   }   i {  FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33   }    a:link {  text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }    /* unvisited link */    a:hover {  text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99  }  /* mouse over link */    a:active {  text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF  }  /* selected link */    a:visited {  text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }  /* visited link */    &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title"&gt; &lt;a href="http://elladadichoshermosos.blogspot.com/2010/09/rosh-hashana.html"&gt;Rosh Hashaná.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="post-header"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_A7UNlxr9epo/TIhdKKL7SWI/AAAAAAAABiU/cWMBsm-OBpk/s1600/shofartop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 10px; width: 320px; display: block; height: 285px;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5514760172829624674" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_A7UNlxr9epo/TIhdKKL7SWI/AAAAAAAABiU/cWMBsm-OBpk/s320/shofartop.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Rosh  Hashaná (en hebreo: ראש השנה transliterado ro’sh ha-shānāh, "cabeza del  año") es el Año Nuevo espiritual judío y se celebra el primero y el  segundo día de tishrei (primer mes del calendario hebreo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para  el inicio del año hebreo hay dos criterios: según la Biblia, el mes de  nisán (por marzo-abril) será el primero de los meses del año (Shemot  Éxodo 12.2). Pero posteriormente la tradición judía ha establecido el  comienzo del año en el mes hebreo de tishrei (por septiembre-octubre),  cuando se festeja el Año Nuevo Judío o Rosh Hashaná, por considerárselo  el mes en que Dios creó el mundo y es a partir de esta celebración  cuando se cuentan los años. En este día, según la tradición, fue creado  el primer hombre: Adán.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La celebración comienza al anochecer de  la víspera. El shofár se toca durante la plegaria matutina. El sonido de  este cuerno, casi siempre de carnero, llama a los judíos a la  meditación, al autoanálisis y al arrepentimiento. Es el primero de los  días de arrepentimiento e introspección, de balance de los actos y de  las acciones realizadas, de plegaria y sensibilidad especiales (Aseret  Yemei Teshuva) que terminan con el Yom Kippur (Día del Perdón).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;También  se conoce como el Día del Juicio y como el Día del Recuerdo porque,  según la tradición, ese día Dios juzga a los hombres, abriendo tres  libros: uno, con los malos (quienes quedan inscriptos y sellados para la  muerte); otro, con los buenos (quienes quedan inscriptos y sellados  para la vida), y el tercero, para quienes serán juzgados en el Yom  Kippur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rosh Hashaná (Comienzo del Año), junto con Yom Kippur  (Día del Perdón), forman en la tradición judía una unidad llamada Yamim  Noraim (Días Temibles), por ser el momento en que Dios juzga al mundo y  decreta lo que sucederá en el transcurso del nuevo año.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El 1º de  tishrei no es sólo el primer día del año, sino también su "Cabeza". Así  como la cabeza comanda al resto del cuerpo, del mismo modo en este día  se predestinan todos los hechos que ocurrirán durante el año&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En la Biblia&lt;br /&gt;Seis  meses después de la pascua comenzaba la serie de fiestas otoñales con  el tocar de trompetas en el 1er día del 7.º mes (Tishri). Ese día, más  tarde llamado Rosh Hashanah, "cabeza o comienzo del año", era un día de  reposo ceremonial (Lev. 23: 24, 25; Núm. 29: 1). En él se celebraba el  comienzo del año civil. Este día de año nuevo era señalado no sólo con  el son de trompetas, sino también con sacrificios especiales, cuyo  número era casi dos veces mayor que el de los sacrificios habituales en  las lunas nuevas (Núm. 29: 1-6; cf. cap. 28: 11-15; ver también com.  Exo. 23: 16; Núm. 29: 1).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo los meses siempre seguían  contándose a partir de Nisán, de acuerdo con lo que Dios había mandado  en el éxodo, porque la correlación del año con las estaciones dependía  de la luna nueva de Nisán en referencia a la cosecha de cebada. Pero el  año civil y agrícola, como también los años sabáticos y de jubileo,  comenzaban según el cómputo más antiguo, con Tishri, el 7.º mes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si  pareciera extraño que se comenzara el año en el 7.º mes, cabe recordar  que hoy en día, en muchos países del hemisferio sur, las actividades  docentes comienzan en marzo. Por eso se habla de un "año escolar" que  empieza en nuestro 3er. mes. En el hemisferio norte, lo natural es que  el "año escolar" principie en septiembre, nuestro 9.º mes. De igual  manera, los judíos festejan el día de año nuevo el 1.º de Tishri, al  comienzo del 7.º mes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Fiesta de las Trompetas se celebraba en  el 1er día del 7º mes (Etanim o Tisri), cuando comenzaba el año civil.  El 1er día caía en la "luna nueva" de septiembre u octubre. Ese mes  siempre era el 7º (Lv. 23:24), de acuerdo con las instrucciones de Dios a  Moisés, para comenzar el año en realidad con el mes de la Pascua, Abib  (o Nisán), como el 1er mes (Ex. 12:2); no obstante, para los asuntos  civiles el año comenzaba en Tisri. El 1º de Tisri se ofrecían  sacrificios extraordinarios, además de los correspondientes a la luna  nueva, que se ofrecían durante los otros meses (Nm. 29:1-6). Era un  sábado ceremonial, y se lo anunciaba con el sonido de trompetas (Lv.  23:24, 25). La tradición de los judíos determina que en el día de Año  Nuevo (que se conmemora hasta hoy bajo el nombre de Rosh Hashaná, es  decir, la "cabeza" o "comienzo" del año), todos son juzgados por sus  hechos del año anterior, pero la condenación de alguien no se determina  hasta el 10º día, en el Yom Kippur, el Día de la Expiación, con lo que  aparentemente habría 9 días de gracia (Talmud, Rosh Hashanah, 16a).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tradiciones y costumbres&lt;br /&gt;Durante  los Yamim Noraim (en hebreo, "días terribles") a las oraciones  habituales se añaden muchas oraciones de penitencia (llamadas selijot) y  poemas religiosos (llamados piyuttim). Existen libros especiales para  el Rosh Hashanah y Yom Kippur, como los majzor (plural). El saludo  tradicional en Rosh Hashaná es "shaná tová" (שנה טובה, en hebreo, "Feliz  Año").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es costumbre comer durante Rosh Hashanah distintos  alimentos como símbolos de deseos para el año entrante. Por ejemplo, se  come manzanas con miel o azúcar para simbolizar un año dulce.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta  festividad también se caracteriza por hacer sonar el shofár, cuerno de  carnero. Durante la tarde del primer día se realiza el tashlij, el  simbólico desecho de los pecados yendo a un río o caudal de agua y  recitando ahí una oración.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fecha&lt;br /&gt;Año hebreo Comienza (al atardecer) Acaba (después del atardecer)&lt;br /&gt;5771 08-09-2010 10-09-2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Año de Bendiciones y Victórias!&lt;br /&gt;Año de Paz y Reconcialición!&lt;br /&gt;Año de Salud y Abundancia!&lt;br /&gt;De nuestros corazones al tuyo,&lt;br /&gt;Rosh HaShanah 5771, 2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Deléitate en el Señor,&lt;br /&gt;y él te concederá los deseos de tu corazón."&lt;br /&gt;Salmos 37:4&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como  el último mes del año judío, Elul es tradicionalmente un tiempo de  introspección y balance —un tiempo para repasar los actos de uno y el  progreso espiritual del año anterior y de preparación para los próximos  "Días de Temor" de Rosh HaShaná y Iom Kipur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como mes de  "Misericordia Divina y Perdón" Elul es el momento más oportuno para  teshuvá ("retorno" a Di-s), plegaria, caridad y aumentar Ahavat Israel  (amor al prójimo) en la búsqueda de automejoramiento y acercarse a Di-s.  El maestro jasídico Rabí Schneur Zalman de Liadi compara al mes de Elul  con un tiempo cuando "el rey está en el campo" y, a diferencia de  cuando está en el palacio real, "cualquiera que lo desea tiene permitido  encontrarse con él, y recibe todo con un semblante amable y muestra un  rostro sonriente a todos".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Las siguientes son algunas de las costumbres y prácticas básicas del mes de Elul:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cada  día del mes de Elul (excepto en Shabat y el último día de Elul) hacemos  sonar el shofar (cuerno de carnero) como un llamado al arrepentimiento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cuando  escribimos una carta o nos encontramos con otro, nos bendecimos  mutuamente incluyendo el saludo Ketiva vejatima tova —lo que es  traducido aproximadamente como "Que seas inscripto y sellado para un  buen año".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se agrega a las plegarias diarias, por la mañana y por la tarde, el Capítulo 27 del Libro de Salmos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El  Baal Shem Tov instituyó la costumbre de recitar tres capítulos de  Salmos adicionales cada día, desde el 1 de Elul hasta Iom Kipur (en Iom  Kipur se recitan los 36 capítulos restantes, completando de esta forma  todo el libro de Salmos).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rosh Hashaná es el momento en el que  aceptamos nuevamente la Majestad de D-os. Tiempo en el que es juzgada  toda la Creación, el Universo con todas sus criaturas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Le-Shanah tovah tehatem ve-tikatev"&lt;br /&gt;“Que seas inscripto y decretado para un buen año”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En  el Templo, adornado de blanco, símbolo de la pureza que debe  recuperarse, se celebra la realeza del Señor. En cierto pasaje del  relato hay algo que no coincide: Festejamos Rosh Hashana como cabeza o  principio de año. ¿Porqué en algún momento se lo ha catalogado como  séptimo mes? La respuesta es que Rosh Hashana fue introducido  posteriormente por motivos religiosos. El principio de año hebreo civil,  estaría en el mes de Nisán, a pocos días del festejo de Pesaj y Rosh  Hashana indica el comienzo de año religioso. Por eso hay una referencia a  éste como el séptimo mes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al comienzo de cada año… todos los hombres pasan delante de D's como corderos (Mishná de Rosh-ha Shaná 1,2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rosh HaShaná es, también, el Día del Gran Juicio: YOM HADÍM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El sonido del shofar proclama la soberanía de Dios, despierta el alma y anuncia los tiempos mesiánicos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Toquen el shofar al salir la luna nueva, y el día de luna llena,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;el día de nuestras fiestas"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Salmo 81,4);&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Aquel  día, sonará el shofar; y vendrán los que estaban perdidos en el país de  Asiria y los desterrados del país de Egipto, para adorar al Señor sobre  la santa Montaña, en Jerusalén"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Isaías 27,13).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una conmovedora plegaria, del año nuevo es:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Pronunciaremos la grandeza de la santidad del día&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;porque es temible,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y en él se elevará TU reino&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y se establecerá en caridad tu sillar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y en él te sentarás con verdad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es verdad que TÚ eres juez y maestro&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y todo sabes y puedes testimoniar,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y escribes, y sellas, y cuentas,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y recuerdas todo lo olvidado,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y abrirás el libro de los recuerdos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y de él se leerá (La historia de cada uno)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;firmada por cada uno........&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como el pastor que controla su manada,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;cada oveja pasa sobre su cayado"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deseo  que todos los que participen del Kol Nidré (plegaria que llena el alma  de un profundo sentimiento de pertenencia a Dios) lo hagan desde lo  íntimo de su corazón, buscando el diálogo con el Creador en la certeza  de Su Infinita Misericordia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dios se relaciona con nosotros como nosotros nos relacionamos con El.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sabemos  que más que una plegaria Kol Nidré es una declaración: establece la  nulidad de todas las promesas que impliquen un compromiso contraídas por  uno mismo en un momento de arrebato o descuido. No es un  desconocimiento de las obligaciones con los demás, ni la anulación de  obligaciones contraídas en circunstancias comunes, sino el rechazo de  promesas que atañen a la propia conciencia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buen año, pleno, simple y dulce como un trozo de manzana endulzado con miel.&lt;br /&gt;SHANÁ TOVÁ UMETUKÁ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tomado de MEDITACIONES EN EL MAR ROJO.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tablo" summary="" width="400" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th style="background-color:blue;  color:white;"&gt;Fuentes - Fonts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr valing="top"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 51); font-weight: bold;"&gt;SOUV2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a linkindex="59" class="object_link" title="SOUV2P.TTF" href="http://srikrishnadas.pbworks.com/f/SOUV2P.TTF"&gt;SOUV2P.TTF&lt;/a&gt; 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| &lt;a linkindex="209" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3270/CategoryHindu_mythology"&gt;Category:Hindu mythology (3270)SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a linkindex="210" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3288/"&gt;Categoría:Mitología hindú (3288)SC (indice)&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a linkindex="211" rel="bookmark" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3289/"&gt;Categoría:Mitología hindú (videos) (3289)SC&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a linkindex="212" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3294/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_SK_y_SC_con_videos"&gt;Conceptos Hinduista (A - G) SK y SC (videos) (3294)SC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a linkindex="213" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2528/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aa_-_Anc"&gt;Aa-Anc&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="214" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2907/Categoria_Hinduismo_Aga_-_Ahy"&gt;Aga - Ahy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="215" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2908/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ai_-_Akshay"&gt;Ai - Akshay&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="216" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2909/Categoria_Hinduismo_Akshe_-_Amshum"&gt;Akshe - Amshum&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="217" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2910/Categoria_Hinduismo_Ana_-_Ancie"&gt;Ana - Ancie&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="218" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ag_-_Az"&gt;Ang - Asvayu&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="219" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2911/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Ata_-_Az"&gt;Ata - Az&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="220" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1660/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_B_-"&gt;Baa-Baz&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="221" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bhak"&gt;Be-Bhak&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="222" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2912/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bu"&gt;Bhal-Bu&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="223" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_C"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="224" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1677/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Daz"&gt;Daa-Daz&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="225" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2913/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De"&gt;De&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="226" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2914/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Dha_-_Dry"&gt;Dha-Dry&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="227" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2915/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Du_-_Dy"&gt;Du-Dy &lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="228" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1777/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_E"&gt;E&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="229" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1779/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_F"&gt;F&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="230" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gayu"&gt;Gaa-Gayu&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="231" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2916/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gy"&gt;Ge-Gy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="232" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1679/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ha_-_He"&gt;Ha-He&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="233" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2917/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hi_-_Hy"&gt;Hi-Hy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="234" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1741/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_I"&gt;I&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="235" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1681/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_J"&gt;J&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="236" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1683/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_K"&gt;K&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="237" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2698/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ka_-_Kam"&gt;Ka - Kam&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="238" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2699/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kan-Khatu"&gt;Kan - Khatu&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="239" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2700/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ki_-_Ko"&gt;Ki - Ko&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="240" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2701/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr_-_Ku"&gt;Kr - Ku&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="241" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1774/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Relgiosos_en_General_-_L"&gt;L&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="242" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1685/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_M"&gt;M&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="243" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1709/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_N"&gt;N&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="244" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1775/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_O"&gt;O&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="245" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_P"&gt;P&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="246" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1773/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_R"&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="247" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_S"&gt;S&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="248" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2687/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_San"&gt;Saa-San&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="249" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sap_-_Shy"&gt;Sap-Shy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="250" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Si_-_Sy"&gt;Si-Sy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="251" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1755/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ta_-_Te"&gt;Ta - Te&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="252" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1716/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_U"&gt;U&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="253" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_V"&gt;V&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="254" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2957/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vy"&gt;Ve-Vy&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="255" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1776/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Y"&gt;Y&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a linkindex="256" href="http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1778/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Z"&gt;Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tabla"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;a linkindex="257" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2919" style="color: white;"&gt;Conceptos Hinduistas (2919)SK&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; ·&amp;nbsp; &lt;a linkindex="258" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2592/Pagina_Principal" style="color: white;"&gt;(2592)SK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="259" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/459/Conceptos_Hinduista_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Aa_-_Ag"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="260" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/460/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ah_-_Am"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="261" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/461/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_An_-_Ar"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;na&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;nc&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="262" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2127/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ang_-_Anu"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;nd&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;nu&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="263" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2128/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ap_-_Ar"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="264" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/462/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_As_-_Az"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="265" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1972/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ay_-_Az"&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;-A&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="266" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/519/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Baa_-_Ban"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="267" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/520/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bar_-_Bas"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="268" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/521/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Be_-_Bh"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;hak&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="269" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2067/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bhal_-_Bhy"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;hal&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;hy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="270" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/522/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bo_-_Bu"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="271" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2443/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bra"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;ra&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="272" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3166/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Brh_-_Bry"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;rh&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;ry&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="273" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2445/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Bu_-_Bz"&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;-B&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="274" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/612/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Caa_-_Can"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="275" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/613/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Car_-_Cas"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;ay&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="276" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/614/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ce_-_Ch"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;ha&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="277" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2437/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Che_-_Chi"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;he&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;hi&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="278" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Cho_-_Chu"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;ho&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;hu&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="279" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ci_-_Cn"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="280" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/615/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Co_-_Cy"&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="281" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/526/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Daa_-_Dan"&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-D&lt;sub&gt;an&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="282" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/527/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dar_-_Das"&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-D&lt;sub&gt;ay&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="283" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/528/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_De"&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="284" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3167/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Dha_-_Dny"&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;ha&lt;/sub&gt;-D&lt;sub&gt;ny&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="285" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/529/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Do_-_Du"&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-D&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="286" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1432/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ea_-_En"&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="287" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1433/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ep_-_Ez"&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="288" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1484/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Faa_-_Fy"&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-F&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="289" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/688/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gaa_-_Gan"&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-G&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="290" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/689/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gar_-_Gas"&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-G&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="291" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/690/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ge_-_Gi"&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-G&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="292" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/691/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Go_-_Gy"&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="293" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3170/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Gra_-_Gy"&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;ra&lt;/sub&gt;-G&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="294" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/659/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Haa_-_Han"&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="295" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/660/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Har_-_Has"&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="296" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/661/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_He_-_Hi"&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;indk&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="297" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/3171/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Hindu_-_Histo"&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;indu&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;isto&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="298" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/662/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ho_-_Hy"&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="299" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/609/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ia_-_In"&gt;I&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;-I&lt;sub&gt;q&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="300" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/610/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ir_-_Is"&gt;I&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;-I&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="301" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/611/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_It_-_Iy"&gt;I&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;-I&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="302" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jaa_-_Jaq"&gt;J&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-J&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="303" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jar_-_Jay"&gt;J&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-J&lt;sub&gt;ay&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="304" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Je_-_Jn"&gt;J&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-J&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="305" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Jo_-_Jy"&gt;J&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-J&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="306" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/485/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kaa_-_Kan"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-K&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="307" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/486/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kar_-_Kas"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-K&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="308" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/487/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ke_-_Kh"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-K&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="309" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/488/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ko_-_Ku"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="310" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2331/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Kr"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="311" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2333/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ku_-_Kz"&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt; - K&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="312" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1489/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Laa_-_Laq"&gt;L&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="313" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1490/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lar_-_Lay"&gt;L&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;ay&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="314" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1491/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Le_-_Ln"&gt;L&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="315" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1492/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Lo_-_Ly"&gt;L&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="316" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/599/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ma_-_Man"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;ag&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="317" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2083/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mah"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;ah&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="318" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2084/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mai_-_Maj"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;ai&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;aj&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="319" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2085/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mak_-_Maq"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;ak&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="320" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/600/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mar_-_Mas"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="321" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/601/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_Me_-_Mi"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="322" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/602/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Mo_-_My"&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-M&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="323" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1438/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Naa_-_Naq"&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-N&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="324" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1439/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Nar_-_Nay"&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-N&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="325" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1440/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ne_-_Nn"&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;-N&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="326" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1441/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_No_-_Ny"&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-N&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="327" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1502/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Oaa_-_Oz"&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;-O&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="328" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/649"&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-P&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="329" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/650/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Par_-_Pas"&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-P&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="330" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/651/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Pe_-_Ph"&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-P&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="331" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/652/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Po_-_Py"&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-P&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="332" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2607/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq"&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-R&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;a href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/984/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Raa_-_Raq"&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-R&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; --&gt; &lt;a linkindex="333" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/985/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Rar_-_Rn"&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-R&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="334" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/986/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Re_-_Rn"&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-R&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="335" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/987/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ro_-_Ry"&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-R&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="336" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/506/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Saa_-_Sam"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;am&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="337" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/507/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_San_-_Sar"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;an&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="338" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/508/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sas_-_Si"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;as&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="339" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1940/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sha_-_Shy"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;ha&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;hy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="340" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1941/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sia_-_Sil"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;il&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="341" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1942/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sim_-_Sk"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;im&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="342" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/509/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_So_-_Su"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt; - S&lt;sub&gt;q&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="343" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2129/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Sr"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt; - S&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="344" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2130/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Su_-_Sz"&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;-S&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="345" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1008/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Taa_-_Tan"&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-T&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="346" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1009/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Tar_-_Tay"&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-T&lt;sub&gt;ay&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="347" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1010/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Te_-_Ti"&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-T&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="348" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1011/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_To_-_Ty"&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-T&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="349" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1493/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Uaa_-_Uaq"&gt;U&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;-U&lt;sub&gt;q&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="350" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1494/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ur_-_Us"&gt;U&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;-U&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="351" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1001/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vaa_-_Van"&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-V&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="352" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1002/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Var_-_Vaz"&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;ar&lt;/sub&gt;-V&lt;sub&gt;az&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="353" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1003/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ve_-_Vi"&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="354" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/2217/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vi_-_Vq"&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;-V&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="355" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1004/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Vo_-_Vy"&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-V&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a linkindex="356" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1496/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Waa_-_Wi"&gt;W&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-W&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="357" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1497/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Wo_-_Wy"&gt;W&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-W&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="358" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1498/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yaa_-_Yav"&gt;Y&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-Y&lt;sub&gt;av&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="359" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1499/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Ye_-_Yiy"&gt;Y&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;-Y&lt;sub&gt;iy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="360" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1500/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Yo_-_Yu"&gt;Y&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;-Y&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; · &lt;/span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="361" href="http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com/journal/item/1501/Conceptos_Hinduistas_y_Religiosos_en_General_-_Zaa_-_Zy"&gt;Z&lt;sub&gt;aa&lt;/sub&gt;-Z&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="tabla"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;th&gt;GENERAL&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="text-align:Justify;"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="362" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/"&gt;JUDAISMO&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a style="font-family:Souv2" linkindex="362" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/01/ri-garga-samhita-canto-eight-volume-two.html"&gt;Ärî Garga-Samhita&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a linkindex="363" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2009/12/oraciones-selectas-al-senor-supremo.html"&gt;Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo&lt;/a&gt; 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| &lt;a href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/visio-professional-2007.html"&gt;ENCICLOPEDIA - INDICE&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a linkindex="195" href="http://devoteesvaishnava.blogspot.com/2010/03/ato-tv-and-video-iview-iview-780ptv.html"&gt;DEVOTOS FACEBOOK&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://elmundodelosegipcios.blogspot.com/2010/03/usuarios-de-flickr.html"&gt;EGIPTO - USUARIOS de FLICKR y PICASAWEB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4747365337829539104-5616062821375450484?l=judaismoglobal.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/feeds/5616062821375450484/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/09/rosh-hashana-elladadichoshermososblogsp.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/5616062821375450484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/5616062821375450484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/09/rosh-hashana-elladadichoshermososblogsp.html' title='Rosh Hashaná - elladadichoshermosos.blogspot.com/'/><author><name>Sricaitanya Das</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_aeFcQ2Gana0/S6czSO_XisI/AAAAAAAAFmQ/y5QznxjlMHo/S220/16818694.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_A7UNlxr9epo/TIhdKKL7SWI/AAAAAAAABiU/cWMBsm-OBpk/s72-c/shofartop.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104.post-1540114483557421495</id><published>2010-08-19T09:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-19T09:58:00.714-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biblicos'/><title type='text'>Diccionarios Bíblicos</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="34" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/2087568/Diccionario-Biblico" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','4','','0CCEQFjAD')"&gt;Diccionario Biblico - &lt;em&gt;Scribd&lt;/em&gt;&lt;img targeturl="http://www.scribd.com/doc/2087568/Diccionario-Biblico" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_green_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; En las ediciones hebreas, griegas y de carácter científico de la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; la A &lt;b&gt;....&lt;/b&gt; No se cita en la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt;, sino en los textos de la Misnah y del Talmud. &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;www.&lt;b&gt;scribd&lt;/b&gt;.com/doc/2087568/Diccionario-Biblico&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Hay que pagar&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="40" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/2413175/Diccionario-Terminologico-Biblico" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','6','','0CCkQFjAF')"&gt;Diccionario Terminológico Biblico - www.&lt;em&gt;scribd&lt;/em&gt;.com&lt;img targeturl="http://www.scribd.com › Research › Humanities" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_gray_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; Introduccion General a La &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; 2 620 reads. diccionario expositivo &lt;b&gt;.....&lt;/b&gt; Lo específico de la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; es considerar como un adulterio espiritual la &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;&lt;span class="bc"&gt;www.scribd.com › &lt;a linkindex="41" href="http://www.google.es/url?q=http://www.scribd.com/explore/Research&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=SbpsTPqfJ8q6jAee_sD6CA&amp;amp;ved=0CCsQ6QUoAA&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNEq4_8zG9hLr2MEYJJeSaBNFQWBUQ"&gt;Research&lt;/a&gt; › &lt;a linkindex="42" href="http://www.google.es/url?q=http://www.scribd.com/explore/Research/Humanities&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=SbpsTPqfJ8q6jAee_sD6CA&amp;amp;ved=0CCwQ6QUoAQ&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNEgukQ_Qwe2XpG78mJlHpxmalfQTA"&gt;Humanities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="48" href="http://labibliaweb.com/?tag=glosario" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','8','','0CDQQFjAH')"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glosario&lt;/em&gt; | Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas&lt;img targeturl="http://labibliaweb.com/?tag=glosario" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_gray_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; 22 May 2008 &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; Otras ayudas para el lector son un &lt;em&gt;glosario&lt;/em&gt;; cómo leer la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt;; cómo encontrar ayuda en la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt;; lectura para días especiales, &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;la&lt;b&gt;biblia&lt;/b&gt;web.com/?tag=&lt;b&gt;glosario&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="51" href="http://www.iglesiauruguaya.com/glosario_terminos.htm" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','9','','0CDgQFjAI')"&gt;&lt;em&gt;GLOSARIO&lt;/em&gt; de términos religiosos&lt;img targeturl="http://www.iglesiauruguaya.com/glosario_terminos.htm" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_gray_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; ANTIGUO TESTAMENTO: El conjunto de los libros de la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; redactados antes de &lt;b&gt;......&lt;/b&gt; Si alguna de las palabras no se encuentra en el &lt;em&gt;Glosario&lt;/em&gt; dirigirse a: &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;www.iglesiauruguaya.com/&lt;b&gt;glosario&lt;/b&gt;_terminos.htm&lt;/cite&gt; -&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="54" href="http://www.logos.com/ebooks/details/NDBUNILIT" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','10','','0CDwQFjAJ')"&gt;Nuevo Diccionario de la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;img targeturl="http://www.logos.com/ebooks/details/NDBUNILIT" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_green_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; Escrito originalmente en español, este volúmen mejor vendido es totalmente ilustrado e incluye más de 30 mapas y tablas. &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;www.logos.com/ebooks/details/NDBUNILIT&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="25" href="http://lasteologias.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/glosario-de-nombres-biblicos/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','11','','0CBcQFjAAOAo')"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glosario&lt;/em&gt; de Nombres Bíblicos « P. Arieu Theologies Web&lt;img targeturl="http://lasteologias.wordpress.com/.../glosario-de-nombres-biblicos/" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_green_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; 9 Ago 2010 &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; by Ricardo Paulo Javier in La &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; · View this document on &lt;em&gt;Scribd&lt;/em&gt; &lt;b&gt;.....&lt;/b&gt; 0; &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; on Line (Búsqueda bíblica, consejos, diccionario, &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;lasteologias.wordpress.com/.../&lt;b&gt;glosario&lt;/b&gt;-de-nombres-biblicos/&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h3 class="r"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="43" href="http://foro.pentecostalapostolica.cl/index.php?topic=227.120" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','','18','','0CDQQFjAHOAo')"&gt;Links para descargar libros cristianos gratis&lt;img targeturl="http://foro.pentecostalapostolica.cl/index.php?topic=227.120" src="chrome://crawlerstwsg/skin/search_gray_shield.gif" name="WSGMARKER" id="WSGMARKER" style="border: 0px none; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: 5px; z-index: 98; position: absolute; display: inline;" width="14" height="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="s"&gt;&lt;div class="f"&gt;15 entradas - 2 autores - Última entrada: 17 Dic 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glosario&lt;/em&gt; Teológico Primera Parte: TEOLOGIA :Doctrina de Dios &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; ¿Explicar los orígenes de la vida a través de la &lt;em&gt;Biblia&lt;/em&gt; es anticientífico? La Vida de Jesucristo &lt;b&gt;....&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;a linkindex="84" href="http://www/" class="smarterwiki-linkify"&gt;http://www&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;scribd&lt;/em&gt;.com/doc/2087568/Diccionario-Biblico &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="f"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;foro.pentecostalapostolica.cl/index.php?topic=227.120&lt;/cite&gt; - &lt;span class="gl"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="44" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:l30-_CdyzZUJ:foro.pentecostalapostolica.cl/index.php%3Ftopic%3D227.120+glosario+de+la+biblia+scribd&amp;amp;cd=18&amp;amp;hl=es&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=es" onmousedown="return clk('http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:l30-_CdyzZUJ:foro.pentecostalapostolica.cl/index.php%3Ftopic%3D227.120+glosario+de+la+biblia+scribd&amp;amp;cd=18&amp;amp;hl=es&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=es','','','','28','','0CDgQIDAROAo')"&gt;En caché&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4747365337829539104-1540114483557421495?l=judaismoglobal.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/feeds/1540114483557421495/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/08/diccionarios-biblicos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/1540114483557421495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4747365337829539104/posts/default/1540114483557421495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/08/diccionarios-biblicos.html' title='Diccionarios Bíblicos'/><author><name>Sricaitanya Das</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17308722916441925374</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_aeFcQ2Gana0/S6czSO_XisI/AAAAAAAAFmQ/y5QznxjlMHo/S220/16818694.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4747365337829539104.post-4727943471687498067</id><published>2010-07-29T08:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-07-29T09:20:04.644-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='judaismo'/><title type='text'>Judaísmo jasídico</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;table width="700" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;!-- This must be in the body, because some webmail GUIs ignore the head--&gt;    &lt;style type="text/css"&gt;    h1 {  font-size: 18pt;    font-family: Souv2;    color: #47FF75;    }  h2 {    font-size: 16pt;    font-weight: bold;    }    h3 {    font-size: 14pt;    font-weight: bold;    }  h4  {    font-size: 14pt;    font-weight: bold;   color: #ff6600;   }    Body {  FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }  p.tradu {    font-size: 14pt;    font-weight: bold;  font-family: Souv2;  color: #FF6600;  }  p,span,font,td,form,input,textarea,select {  FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }    i { FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-ALIGN: Justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; color:#FFCC33   }    a:link {  text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #99AADD; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }    /* unvisited link */    a:hover {  text-decoration:underline; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AADD99  }  /* mouse over link */    a:active {  text-decoration:underline; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; color:#0000FF;  }  /* selected link */    a:visited {  text-decoration:none; FONT-FAMILY: Souv2; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #AA77AA; FONT-ALIGN: Justify  }  /* visited link */    &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h4 style="color: rgb(255, 204, 51);"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Souv2;font-size:130%;"  &gt;Contenido -        Contents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="toctoggle"  style="font-family:Souv2;"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="373" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/07/judaismo-jasidico.html#Judaismo_jasidico"&gt;Judaísmo jasídico&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="toctoggle"  style="font-family:Souv2;"&gt;&lt;a linkindex="374" href="http://judaismoglobal.blogspot.com/2010/07/judaismo-jasidico.html#Orthodox_Judaism"&gt;Category:Orthodox Judaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3  style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 204, 255);font-family:Souv2;" id="Judaismo_jasidico" class="firstHeading"&gt;Judaísmo jasídico&lt;span id="related-searches" class="inline related-searches-wikipedia"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="search-engine-link" href="http://www.oneriot.com/search?p=smarterfox&amp;amp;ssrc=also_search_on&amp;amp;spid=8493c8f1-0b5b-4116-99fd-f0bcb0a3b602&amp;amp;q=Juda%C3%ADsmo%20jas%C3%ADdico" title="OneRiot"&gt;&lt;img class="search-engine-favicon" src="http://static.smarterfox.com/media/popup_bubble/oneriot-favicon.ico" alt="OneRiot" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="search-engine-link" href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Juda%C3%ADsmo%20jas%C3%ADdico" title="Yahoo"&gt;&lt;img class="search-engine-favicon" src="http://www.yahoo.com/favicon.ico" alt="Yahoo" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="search-engine-link" href="http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;index=blended&amp;amp;field-keywords=Juda%C3%ADsmo%20jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;tag=smtfx1-20" title="Amazon"&gt;&lt;img class="search-engine-favicon" src="http://www.amazon.com/favicon.ico" alt="Amazon" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="search-engine-link" href="http://search.twitter.com/search?q=Juda%C3%ADsmo%20jas%C3%ADdico" title="Twitter"&gt;&lt;img class="search-engine-favicon" src="http://twitter.com/favicon.ico" alt="Twitter" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="search-engine-link" href="http://delicious.com/search?p=Juda%C3%ADsmo%20jas%C3%ADdico" title="del.icio.us"&gt;&lt;img class="search-engine-favicon" src="http://delicious.com/favicon.ico" alt="del.icio.us" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;" id="siteSub"&gt;De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" id="jump-to-nav"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#searchInput"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contenido&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;(&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;ocultar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Etimol.C3.B3g.C3.ADa_y_definici.C3.B3n"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etimológía y  definición&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Historia"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Historia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Doctrina"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Doctrina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Literatura"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Literatura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Vestimenta"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Vestimenta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Principales_grupos:_dinast.C3.ADas_jas.C3.ADdicas"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Principales grupos:  dinastías jasídicas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Liturgia_y_costumbres_relacionadas"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Liturgia y costumbres  relacionadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Véase también&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico#Enlaces_externos"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Enlaces externos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;!(CDATA( if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "mostrar"; var tocHideText = "ocultar"; showTocToggle(); }  //))&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Etimol.C3.B3g.C3.ADa_y_definici.C3.B3n"&gt;Etimológía y definición&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" title="Editar sección: Etimológía y definición"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La palabra &lt;i&gt;jasid&lt;/i&gt; ("piadoso") es hebrea y deriva de la raíz &lt;b&gt;.ח.ס.ד&lt;/b&gt;  ("bondad" o "piedad"), que produce la palabra &lt;i&gt;jasidut&lt;/i&gt;: &lt;b&gt;חסידות&lt;/b&gt;,  que significa "práctica de la piedad y la bondad".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El jasidismo, es un movimiento religioso ortodoxo y místico dentro  del judaísmo, y es parte del sector conocido como &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%C3%AD" title="Jaredí"&gt;jaredí&lt;/a&gt;.  Este tipo de judaísmo se divide en varios grupos dirigidos por un  rabino al que se denomina &lt;i&gt;admor&lt;/i&gt; (plural: &lt;i&gt;admorim&lt;/i&gt;). Se dice  que la palabra &lt;i&gt;admor&lt;/i&gt; es resultado de las siglas de las palabras  hebreas para: "jefe", "maestro" y "rabino".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Las principales características del jasidismo son: 1. la influencia  de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1bala" title="Cábala"&gt;Cábala&lt;/a&gt;,  2. la vida en comunidades insulares y tradicionales, 3. la observancia  estricta de la halajá o aplicación de los preceptos de la Toráh o ley  judía, así como 4. el seguimiento de los dictámenes y recomendaciones  del &lt;i&gt;admor&lt;/i&gt; en todas las áreas de la vida.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La raíz hebrea &lt;b&gt;.ח.ס.ד&lt;/b&gt; (j.s.d.) ya mencionada, da origen  también a &lt;i&gt;Jésed&lt;/i&gt; (igualmente: "bondad o piedad"), nombre de una de  las diez &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot"&gt;Sefirot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; o "enumeraciones" cabalísticas que  componen el diagrama conocido como &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etz_Jayim&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etz Jayim (aún no redactado)"&gt;Etz Jayim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_de_la_Vida" title="Árbol  de la Vida" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Árbol de la Vida&lt;/a&gt;. En el esquema  antropomórfico de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatom%C3%ADa_sagrada&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomía sagrada (aún no redactado)"&gt;Anatomía  sagrada&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Jésed&lt;/i&gt; está representada por el brazo derecho y -como  tal-, es uno de los nombres y atributos de Dios: "Bondad".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Historia"&gt;Historia&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" title="Editar sección: Historia"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El movimiento surgió en &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_oriental" title="Europa  oriental" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Europa" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Europa&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt; oriental&lt;/a&gt;,  específicamente en &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusia" title="Bielorrusia"&gt;Bielorrusia&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania"&gt;Ucrania&lt;/a&gt;,  en el siglo XVIII, fundado por el rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ba%27al_Shem_Tov_Israel_ben_Eliezer&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba'al Shem Tov Israel ben Eliezer (aún no  redactado)"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Ba'al" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Ba'al&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt; &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Shem" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Shem&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  Tov Israel ben Eliezer&lt;/a&gt; (1700–1760), también conocido como el &lt;i&gt;Ba'al  Shem Tov&lt;/i&gt; (en hebreo, literalmente: "Señor del buen nombre").&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A fines del siglo XVIII, el judaísmo europeo había sufrido crueles  persecuciones con miles de víctimas. Esto volcó al pueblo al estudio del  &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;  y la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaj%C3%A1" title="Halajá"&gt;Halajá&lt;/a&gt;.  Muchos judíos pensaron que la mayor parte de las expresiones de la vida  judía se habían hecho demasiado académicas, alejándose así de la  espiritualidad y la alegría.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El Ba'al Shem Tov produjo una verdadera revolución espiritual. Ésta  ganó -al principio-, a la mayor parte de sus adeptos entre los judíos  más pobres, porque se oponía a una rígida práctica formal de la religión  judía, y porque la comunidad estaba dirigida por los judíos más  adinerados.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Esto produjo una fuerte oposición por parte de varios líderes judíos  contemporáneos (&lt;i&gt;mitnagdim&lt;/i&gt; = "opositores"), el más destacado fue  el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%B3n_de_Vilna" title="Gaón  de Vilna"&gt;Gaón de Vilna&lt;/a&gt;, en Lituania, que condenó y excomulgó en  masa a los judíos jasídicos. Más tarde -con el advenimiento de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskal%C3%A1" title="Haskalá"&gt;Haskalá&lt;/a&gt;  (nombre que se dio en el judaísmo al Iluminismo o Ilustración), ambas  corrientes antagónicas se unieron ante el enemigo común.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En el siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, el jasidismo llega a ser  la más popular e importante rama de la ortodoxia judía, con varios  millones de seguidores y decenas de grupos diferentes. Los principales  centros jasídicos se encontraban en &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Polonia" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Polonia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  Ucrania y Hungría. El grupo &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudat_Israel" title="Agudat Israel"&gt;Agudat  Israel&lt;/a&gt; fue fundado a fines del siglo XIX como órgano central del  judaísmo &lt;i&gt;jaredí&lt;/i&gt;, dirigido principalmente por los &lt;i&gt;admorim&lt;/i&gt;  de &lt;i&gt;Gur&lt;/i&gt; (nombre hebreo de Polonia).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Algunos judíos jasídicos emigraron a la Tierra Santa formando grupos  como &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toldot_Ahar%C3%B3n&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toldot Aharón (aún no redactado)"&gt;Toldot Aharón&lt;/a&gt;,  centradas en Jerusalén, y que llegarían a jugar un papel central dentro  del judaísmo jaredí anti-sionista, incluyendo la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edah_Haredit" title="Edah Haredit"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Edah  Haredit" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Edah Haredit&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En la &lt;i&gt;Shoáh&lt;/i&gt; (véase: &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Shoah" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Shoah&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), comúnmente  conocida como &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto"&gt;Holocausto&lt;/a&gt;, la corriente jasídica sufrió  muchísimo y casi desapareció. Algunos rabinos que sobrevivieron a la II  Guerra Mundial, emigraron a &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"&gt;Israel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá"&gt;Canadá&lt;/a&gt;,  los Estados Unidos de &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="América" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;América&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  y Europa Occidental, e iniciaron de nuevo sus comunidades.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Archivo:Chernobil rabbis.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chernobil_rabbis.jpg/800px-Chernobil_rabbis.jpg" width="800" height="600" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Chernobil_rabbis.jpg" class="internal" title="Aumentar"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Rabinos dirigentes del grupo jasídico de "Chernobil" portando el  sombrero &lt;i&gt;shtraimel&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Doctrina"&gt;Doctrina&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" title="Editar sección: Doctrina"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El jasidismo produjo formulaciones sorprendentes y originales. Entre  sus doctrinas centrales están: 1. el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panente%C3%ADsmo" title="Panenteísmo"&gt;panenteísmo&lt;/a&gt;,  y 2. la importancia del apego constante a Dios. Ya no era necesario ser  un erudito para estar cerca de Dios, porque Dios siempre esta presente  en el corazón de las personas buenas que cumplen sus preceptos por amor a  él.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Algunas corrientes jasídicas desacreditan el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo"&gt;sionismo&lt;/a&gt;  como una &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herej%C3%ADa" title="Herejía"&gt;herejía&lt;/a&gt;, se enfrentan activamente con el Estado  israelí y todos los judíos que se identifiquen con él y se niegan a  hablar &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hebreo" title="Idioma hebreo"&gt;neohebreo&lt;/a&gt;, usando en su lugar &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yiddish&lt;/a&gt;. Esto se debe a que la existencia del  Estado de Israel impide la llegada del &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%ADas" title="Mesías"&gt;Mesías&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Los judíos jasiditas a su vez defienden la infalibilidad de su propia  interpretación de las fuentes tradicionales de la verdad y por ello son  considerados fundamentalistas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El centro de la comunidad era -como ya se ha dicho-, su líder  espiritual, el &lt;i&gt;admor&lt;/i&gt;, a quien se denominaba &lt;i&gt;tzadik&lt;/i&gt; (heb. =  "justo") cuando se trataba de un hombre santo y virtuoso que se  constituía en un modelo de vida a seguir, un reflejo de Dios en la  tierra, y a quien -en no pocos casos-, se atribuían milagros.  Actualmente se denomina &lt;i&gt;"rebbe"&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;rabí&lt;/i&gt; en &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish" class="mw-redirect"&gt;yiddish&lt;/a&gt;) a los rabinos jasídicos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Literatura"&gt;Literatura&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" title="Editar sección: Literatura"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El jasidismo generó un gran caudal de literatura religiosa con una  visible influencia mística cabalistica. Entre este género se encuentran  obras como &lt;i&gt;Likuté Amarim Tania&lt;/i&gt; del rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_de_Liad%C3%AD" title="Schneur Zalman de Liadí"&gt;Schneur Zalman de Liadí&lt;/a&gt;, quien  explica sistemáticamente los principios de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1bala" title="Cábala"&gt;Cábala&lt;/a&gt;.  Los libros &lt;i&gt;Noam Elimelej&lt;/i&gt; del Rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elimelej_de_Lizhensk&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elimelej de Lizhensk (aún no redactado)"&gt;Elimelej de  Lizhensk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Kedushat Levi&lt;/i&gt; del Rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levi_Itsjac_de_Berditchev&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Levi Itsjac de Berditchev (aún no redactado)"&gt;Levi  Itsjac de Berditchev&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;i&gt;Ohev Israel&lt;/i&gt; del Rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avraham_Yehoshua_Heshel_de_Apt&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avraham Yehoshua Heshel de Apt (aún no redactado)"&gt;Avraham  Yehoshua Heshel de Apt&lt;/a&gt;, son ejemplos de comentarios a la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1h" title="Toráh" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Toráh&lt;/a&gt; (o Pentateuco), de los primeros maestros  jasídicos, y muestran una fuerte influencia mística. El libro &lt;i&gt;Likuté  Moharan&lt;/i&gt; del Rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najman_de_Breslav" title="Najman de  Breslav"&gt;Najman de Breslav&lt;/a&gt;, habla del sistema cabalístico formulado  por este rabino, en el que se enfatiza la alegría como experiencia  religiosa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;También son famosos los cuentos jasídicos que transmiten importantes  enseñanzas de orden moral, ético y religioso. Gran parte de estos  cuentos fueron recopilados y recreados libremente por &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Martin  Buber" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Martin Buber&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  (1878-1965).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Vestimenta"&gt;Vestimenta&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Editar sección: Vestimenta"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Una de las características más conocidas de los diferentes grupos  jasídicos, es la forma particular de vestir de sus miembros varones.  Durante los días de entre semana, se suelen usar sacos largos de colores  negro -muy oscuro- o azul marino, y sombreros de un negro claro o  desteñido. Algunas personas usan un sombrero conocido como &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biber_hit&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biber hit (aún no redactado)"&gt;biber hit&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;  plano por arriba y forrado de terciopelo. Durante los servicios  religiosos utilizan una cinta negra de seda llamada &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gartel&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gartel (aún no redactado)"&gt;gartel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; En &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat" title="Shabat" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Shabat&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;/i&gt;sábado) se usan sacos negros de seda  llamados &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekishes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bekishes (aún no redactado)"&gt;bekishes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y los  hombres casados usan sombreros de piel conocidos como &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shtraimel&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shtraimel (aún no redactado)"&gt;shtraimel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Una variación de estos es el &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spodik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spodik (aún no redactado)"&gt;spodik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; usado por  los jasidim de Guro. Algunos admorim usan el &lt;i&gt;shtraimel&lt;/i&gt; y el &lt;i&gt;bekishe&lt;/i&gt;  negros durante la semana, y en Shabat llevan &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekishes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bekishes (aún no redactado)"&gt;bekishes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de  diferentes colores, o con rayas de terciopelo negro que representan los &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tefilim&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefilim (aún no redactado)"&gt;tefilim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filacteria" title="Filacteria"&gt;filacterias&lt;/a&gt;  de oración. Algunos grupos jasídicos de Jerusalén usan un &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekishe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bekishe (aún no redactado)"&gt;bekishe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; blanco  con pequeñas rayas verticales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Los varones jasídicos normalmente no se rasuran la barba, y se dejan  crecer mechones largos de pelo a los lados de la cabeza frente a las  orejas (en hebreo: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pey%C3%A9h&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peyéh (aún no redactado)"&gt;peyéh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, plural: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyot&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peyot (aún no redactado)"&gt;peyot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), que suelen  arreglar como caireles. El resto del cabello se lleva cortísimo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La vestimenta de las mujeres es modesta, de manera similar a la de  cualquier denominación judía ortodoxa aunque, en algunos casos -como el  de la secta de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmer" title="Satmer"&gt;Satmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;-, es más estricta. Las mujeres llevan  siempre el cabello largo y cubierto con pañoletas; tradicionalmente, una  mujer judía ortodoxa jamás muestra su cabello a nadie sino a su esposo,  en la intimidad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Principales_grupos:_dinast.C3.ADas_jas.C3.ADdicas"&gt;Principales  grupos: dinastías jasídicas&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" title="Editar sección: Principales grupos: dinastías jasídicas"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este tipo de judaísmo se divide en varios grupos, dentro de las  cuales encontramos a la de Breslov o Breslev (Ucrania), &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmer" title="Satmer"&gt;Satmer&lt;/a&gt;  (Hungría) y la de &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabad_Lubavitch" title="Jabad Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jabad Lubavitch&lt;/a&gt;  (Rusia), entre los más expandidos por el mundo entero. Antes de la &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial" title="II Guerra  Mundial" class="mw-redirect"&gt;II Guerra Mundial&lt;/a&gt;, el grupo más grande  era el de &lt;i&gt;Gur&lt;/i&gt; (Polonia) con alrededor de 250,000 miembros.También  se destaca los Jasidim de Breslov, seguidores de Rabino Najman de  Breslov.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Liturgia_y_costumbres_relacionadas"&gt;Liturgia  y costumbres relacionadas&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" title="Editar sección: Liturgia y costumbres relacionadas"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La liturgia jasídica está basada, principalmente, en el rito  ashkenazí, con muchas modificaciones místicas basadas en la Cábala,  provenientes del rito sefaradí. A la liturgia jasídica se le denomina  comúnmente &lt;i&gt;Nusaj S'farad&lt;/i&gt;. Una variación de ésta -corregida por el  Rabino &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shneur_Zalman_de_Liady&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shneur Zalman de Liady (aún no redactado)"&gt;Shneur  Zalman de Liady&lt;/a&gt;-, es el &lt;i&gt;Nusaj Ha-Ari&lt;/i&gt; usado, principalmente  por el grupo &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabad_Lubavitch" title="Jabad Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jabad Lubavitch&lt;/a&gt;, aunque  no sólo por ellos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Los varones de los diferentes grupos jasídicos acostumbran sumergirse  en el baño ritual denominado &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikv%C3%A9h&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikvéh (aún no redactado)"&gt;mikvéh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; todos los  días, por la mañana, antes de las plegarias matutinas. Entre la mayoría  de las sectas jasídicas los varones acuden a la sinagoga el viernes en  la noche después de la cena para participar en la sobremesa del rabino  denominada &lt;i&gt;Tisch&lt;/i&gt;. Ahí se distribuye comida, se cantan &lt;a href="http://www.es.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/643355/jewish/Melodas-Jasdicas.htmbailan" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;melodías tradicionales&lt;/a&gt; y se  escucha un discurso (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drash%C3%A1h&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Drasháh (aún no redactado)"&gt;drasháh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) del  rabino. Es común que la lengua principal hablada en casa sea el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish" class="mw-redirect"&gt;yiddish&lt;/a&gt;, y que la educación sea de un carácter  predominantemente religioso.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n"&gt;Véase  también&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" title="Editar sección: Véase también"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%C3%AD" title="Jaredí"&gt;Jaredí&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edah_Haredit" title="Edah  Haredit"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Edah  Haredit" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Edah Haredit&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADas_Jas%C3%ADdicas" title="Dinastías Jasídicas" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dinastías Jasídicas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisyahu" title="Matisyahu"&gt;Matisyahu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Enlaces_externos"&gt;Enlaces externos&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:small;" class="editsection" &gt;(&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" title="Editar sección: Enlaces externos"&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Colabora en Commons."&gt;&lt;img alt="Colabora en  Commons." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="15" height="20" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia  Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; alberga contenido multimedia sobre &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hasidism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hasidism"&gt;Judaísmo jasídico&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;span class="interProject"&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hasidism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hasidism"&gt;Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.es.chabad.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;Jasidismo en español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; 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    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;" id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" id="jump-to-nav"&gt;Jump to: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#column-one"&gt;navigation&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#searchInput"&gt;search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt; &lt;div style="width: 52px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;This article &lt;b&gt;may require &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"&gt;cleanup&lt;/a&gt; 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Please help add &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;inline citations&lt;/a&gt;  to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(February  2010)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 512px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Gottlieb-Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gottlieb-Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur.jpg/463px-Gottlieb-Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur.jpg" width="463" height="599" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottlieb-Jews_Praying_in_the_Synagogue_on_Yom_Kippur.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Yom Kippur" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Yom Kippur&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Gottlieb" title="Maurycy  Gottlieb"&gt;Maurycy Gottlieb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0pt 0px 1em; font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: left;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 3px 5px;"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;Part of a series on&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 3px 5px;"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Star of David.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/50px-Star_of_David.svg.png" width="50" height="58" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lukhot_Habrit.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Lukhot Habrit.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" width="60" height="71" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Menora.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/50px-Menora.svg.png" width="50" height="42" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 3px 5px;"&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism"&gt;Judaism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism"&gt;Portal&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaism" title="Category:Judaism"&gt;Category&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements"&gt;Jewish religious movements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox  Judaism"&gt;Orthodox&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi  Judaism"&gt;Haredi&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Hasidic&lt;/strong&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Modern&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism"&gt;Conservative&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism" title="Reform movement in Judaism"&gt;Reform&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism"&gt;Reconstructionist&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish  Renewal"&gt;Renewal&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic  Judaism"&gt;Humanistic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);" nowrap="nowrap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic  Judaism"&gt;Rabbinic&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite  Judaism"&gt;Karaite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish  philosophy"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Jewish  philosophy" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Jewish philosophy&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith"&gt;Principles of faith&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_messianism" title="Jewish messianism"&gt;Messiah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics"&gt;Ethics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254); font-size: 90%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_as_a_chosen_people" title="Jews  as a chosen people"&gt;Chosenness&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names  of God in Judaism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Names of  God" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Names of God&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussar_movement" title="Mussar  movement"&gt;Mussar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_texts" title="Category:Jewish texts"&gt;Religious texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Tanakh" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Tanakh&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"&gt;Torah&lt;/a&gt;·&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Nevi'im" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Nevi'im&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;·&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Ketuvim" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Ketuvim&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td  style="padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);font-size:90%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Unicode"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_%28Judaism%29" title="Chumash  (Judaism)"&gt;Ḥumash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur"&gt;Siddur&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut"&gt;Piyutim&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar"&gt;Zohar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic  literature"&gt;Rabbinic literature&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;·&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash"&gt;Midrash&lt;/a&gt;·&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta"&gt;Tosefta&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha"&gt;Religious  Law&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah"&gt;Mishneh  Torah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim"&gt;Tur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan  Aruch"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Shulchan  Aruch" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Shulchan Aruch&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah  Berurah"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Mishnah" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Mishnah&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt; Berurah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut"&gt;Kashrut&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut"&gt;Tzniut&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah"&gt;Tzedakah&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah"&gt;Niddah&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah"&gt;Noahide laws&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy  Cities"&gt;Holy cities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Jerusalem" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed" title="Safed"&gt;Safed&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron"&gt;Hebron&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Tiberias" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Tiberias&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish  leadership"&gt;Important figures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham"&gt;Abraham&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac"&gt;Isaac&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob"&gt;Jacob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" title="Moses"&gt;Moses&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron"&gt;Aaron&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" title="David"&gt;David&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon"&gt;Solomon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah"&gt;Sarah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca"&gt;Rebecca&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel"&gt;Rachel&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah" title="Leah"&gt;Leah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of  rabbis"&gt;Rabbinic sages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"&gt;Jewish life cycle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah"&gt;Brit&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon  haben"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Pidyon  haben" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Pidyon haben&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar and  Bat Mitzvah"&gt;Bar/Bat Mitzvah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage"&gt;Marriage&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism"&gt;Bereavement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religious roles&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi"&gt;Rabbi&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe"&gt;Rebbe&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posek" title="Posek"&gt;Posek&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan"&gt;Hazzan/Cantor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din"&gt;Dayan&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh  yeshiva"&gt;Rosh yeshiva&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel"&gt;Mohel&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen"&gt;Kohen/Priest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religious buildings  &amp;amp; institutions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue"&gt;Synagogue&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth  midrash"&gt;Beth midrash&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh"&gt;Mikveh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah"&gt;Sukkah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra  kadisha"&gt;Chevra kadisha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in  Jerusalem"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Holy  Temple" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Holy Temple&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle"&gt;Tabernacle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish  education"&gt;Jewish education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva"&gt;Yeshiva&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel"&gt;Kollel&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder"&gt;Cheder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religious articles&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Sefer  Torah" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Sefer Torah&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit"&gt;Tallit&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin"&gt;Tefillin&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit"&gt;Tzitzit&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah"&gt;Kippah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah"&gt;Mezuzah&lt;/a&gt; ·  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_%28Hanukkah%29" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)"&gt;Hanukiah/Menorah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar"&gt;Shofar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species" title="Four Species"&gt;4  Species&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel"&gt;Kittel&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel"&gt;Gartel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings"&gt;Jewish prayers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services" title="Jewish  services"&gt;services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" title="Shema Yisrael"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Shema" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Shema&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah"&gt;Amidah&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu"&gt;Aleinu&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish"&gt;Kaddish&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan"&gt;Minyan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat  Hamazon"&gt;Birkat Hamazon&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu"&gt;Shehecheyanu&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel"&gt;Hallel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah"&gt;Havdalah&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun"&gt;Tachanun&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Kol Nidre" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Kol Nidre&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot"&gt;Selichot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Judaism &amp;amp; other  religions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"&gt;Christianity&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_Islam" title="Judaism and  Islam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian"&gt;Judeo-Christian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(237, 243, 254);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic  religions"&gt;Abrahamic faiths&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism"&gt;Pluralism&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Judaism" title="Alternative Judaism"&gt;Others&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Related topics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0pt 5px; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism"&gt;Antisemitism&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism"&gt;Zionism&lt;/a&gt;  · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology"&gt;Holocaust&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism"&gt;Criticism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 70%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 5px;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style=""&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"&gt;&lt;span title="Discuss this template" style=""&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span title="Edit this template" style=""&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hasidic Judaism&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;Hasidism&lt;/b&gt;, from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew  language"&gt;Hebrew&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang="he"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;חסידות&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  -&lt;i&gt;Hasidus&lt;/i&gt; meaning "piety" (literally "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed"&gt;lovingkindness&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;),  is a branch of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Orthodox Judaism&lt;/a&gt; that promotes spirituality  and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish  mysticism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jewish mysticism&lt;/a&gt; as the fundamental  aspects of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism"&gt;Jewish faith&lt;/a&gt;. It was founded in 18th Century &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Eastern Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Eastern Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  by Rabbi Israel &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Baal Shem  Tov" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Baal Shem Tov&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as a  reaction against overly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud"&gt;legal&lt;/a&gt; Judaism. His example began the characteristic  veneration of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe"&gt;leadership&lt;/a&gt;  in Hasidism as embodiments and intercessors of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik"&gt;Divinity&lt;/a&gt;  for the followers. Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the  sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and  their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the Divine  presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness,  alongside Rabbinic supremacy of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study"&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;,  and replaced historical &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;mystical&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussar" title="Mussar" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ethical&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism_in_Judaism" title="Asceticism in Judaism"&gt;asceticism&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid"&gt;admonishment&lt;/a&gt;  with optimism, encouragement and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveikut" title="Deveikut" class="mw-redirect"&gt;fervour&lt;/a&gt;. It sought to add to required standards  of ritual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha" title="Halacha" class="mw-redirect"&gt;observance&lt;/a&gt;, while relaxing others where  inspiration predominated. Its communal gatherings celebrated soulful &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigun" title="Nigun"&gt;song&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_literature#Hasidic_and_Haskalah_literature" title="Yiddish literature"&gt;storytelling&lt;/a&gt; as forms of mystical  devotion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hasidism comprises part of contemporary &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ultra-Orthodox&lt;/a&gt; Judaism, alongside the previous  Talmudic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" title="Lithuanian Jews"&gt;Lithuanian-Yeshiva&lt;/a&gt; approach and the Oriental  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Judaism" title="Sephardi  Judaism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sephardi&lt;/a&gt; tradition. Its charismatic  mysticism has inspired non-Orthodox &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Hasidic" title="Neo-Hasidic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Neo-Hasidic&lt;/a&gt; thinkers and influenced wider &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_denominations" title="Jewish  denominations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;modern Jewish denominations&lt;/a&gt;,  while its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy"&gt;scholarly thought&lt;/a&gt; has interested  contemporary &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem"&gt;academic study&lt;/a&gt;. Each &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" title="Hasidic  dynasties" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hasidic dynasty&lt;/a&gt; follows its own  principles; thus Hasidic Judaism is not one movement, but a collection  of separate individual groups with some commonality. There are  approximately 30 larger Hasidic groups, and several hundred minor  groups. Though there is no one version of Hasidism, individual Hasidic  groups often share with each other underlying philosophy, worship  practices, dress and songs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;(&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Prelude"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Prelude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Israel_ben_Eliezer"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Israel ben Eliezer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#The_spread_of_Hasidism"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;The spread of  Hasidism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Rabbinic_opposition"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Rabbinic opposition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#19th_century_consolidation_and_changes_in_Jewish_society"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="19th  century" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;19th century&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  consolidation and changes in Jewish society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#In_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Holocaust"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;In the Soviet Union  and the Holocaust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Post_War_rebuilding_of_Hasidic_life"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Post War rebuilding  of Hasidic life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Hasidic_thought"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Hasidic thought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Characteristic_ideas"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Characteristic ideas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Aims_of_Hasidic_thought"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Aims of Hasidic  thought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Hasidic_practice_and_culture"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Hasidic practice and  culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Liturgy_and_prayer"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Liturgy and prayer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Daily_Immersion"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Daily Immersion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Dress.5Bcitation_needed.5D"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Dress&lt;sup&gt;(citation  needed)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Headgear"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Headgear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Other_distinct_clothing"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Other distinct  clothing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Hair"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Hair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Tzitzis"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Tzitzis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Women"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Women&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Families"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Families&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Languages"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Languages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Footnotes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Books"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Books&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;!(CDATA( if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //))&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="History"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Prelude"&gt;Prelude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 537px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Battle of Beresteczko 1651.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Battle_of_Beresteczko_1651.jpg" width="600" height="362" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Beresteczko_1651.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17th century &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising"&gt;destructions&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi"&gt;false  Messianism&lt;/a&gt; brought disillusionment to the Jews of Eastern Europe. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid"&gt;Preachers&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic" title="Talmudic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Talmudic&lt;/a&gt; scholars felt aloof from the unlettered  masses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 537px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Shabbatai1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Shabbatai1.jpg" width="228" height="291" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabbatai1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Mystical movements appealed outside Rabbinism. The heresies of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi"&gt;Sabbatai  Zevi&lt;/a&gt; (1626–1676) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Frank" title="Jacob Frank"&gt;Jacob  Frank&lt;/a&gt; (1726–1791) distorted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic  Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lurianic Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt; and led to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Emden#The_Emden-Eybesch.C3.BCtz_Controversy" title="Jacob Emden"&gt;Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy&lt;/a&gt;. Their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatean" title="Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sabbatean&lt;/a&gt; legacy contributed Rabbinic opposition  to legitimate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem"&gt;Hidden Mystics&lt;/a&gt; and emergent Hasidism&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Poland" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Poland&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where the bulk of  Eastern European Jewry had established itself since the 13th century,  two branches of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Rabbinic  Judaism" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Rabbinic Judaism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  had emerged: those who opposed the study of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt;  (Jewish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism"&gt;mysticism&lt;/a&gt;) and those who supported it. This schism  became particularly acute after the Messianic movement of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi"&gt;Sabbatai  Zevi&lt;/a&gt; in the 17th century. Leanings to mystical doctrines and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism"&gt;sectarianism&lt;/a&gt;  showed themselves prominently among the Jews of the south-eastern  provinces of Poland, while in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"&gt;Lithuanian&lt;/a&gt;  provinces, anti-kabbalist orthodox leaders held sway. In part, this  division in modes of thought reflected social differences between the  northern (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" title="Lithuanian Jews"&gt;Lithuanian&lt;/a&gt;) Jews and the southern Jews of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Ukraine" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Lithuania" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Lithuania&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  the Jewish masses mainly lived in densely-populated towns where  anti-kabbalistic rabbinical academic culture (in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva"&gt;yeshivos&lt;/a&gt;)  flourished, while in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/a&gt; the Jews tended to live scattered in  villages far removed from intellectual centers. In these villages, the  influence of the kabbalists prevailed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pessimism in the south became more intense after the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmielnicki_Uprising" title="Chmielnicki Uprising" class="mw-redirect score-0"&gt;Cossacks'  Uprising&lt;/a&gt; (1648–1654) under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan  Khmelnytsky"&gt;Chmielnicki&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deluge_%28Polish_history%29" title="The Deluge (Polish history)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;turbulent times&lt;/a&gt;  in Poland (1648–1660), which ruined the Jewry of Ukraine, but did not  much affect that of Lithuania. The general population of Ukraine itself  declined and economic chaos reigned, especially due to these events and  the subsequent &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Ottoman_War_%281672%E2%80%931676%29" title="Polish-Ottoman War (1672–1676)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Turkish  Invasion&lt;/a&gt; which left this region depopulated and barren. After the  Polish magnates regained control of southern Ukraine in the last decade  of the 17th century, an economic renaissance ensued. The magnates began a  massive rebuilding and repopulation effort while being generally  welcoming and benevolent towards the Jews. A type of frontier  environment ensued where new people and new ideas were encouraged. The  state of the Jews of what would later become southern &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Russia" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  created a favorable field for mystical movements and religious  sectarianism, which spread in the area from the middle of the 18th to  the middle of the 19th century.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Besides these influences, deeply-seated causes produced among many  Jews a discontent with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic  Judaism"&gt;Rabbinism&lt;/a&gt; and a gravitation toward &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism"&gt;mysticism&lt;/a&gt;.  Rabbinism, which in Poland had become transformed into a system of  religious formalism, no longer provided a satisfactory religious  experience to many Jews. Although traditional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism"&gt;Judaism&lt;/a&gt;  had adopted some features of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt;,  it adapted them to fit its own system: it added to its own ritualism  the asceticism of the "practical kabbalists" just across the border in  the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman  Empire"&gt;Ottoman Empire&lt;/a&gt;, who saw the essence of earthly existence  only in fasting, in penance, and in spiritual sadness. Such a  combination of religious practices, suitable for individuals and  hermits, did not suit the bulk of the Jews.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mystical individuals arose, outside the Rabbinic establishment,  called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nistarim" title="Nistarim" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Nistarim&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem"&gt;Baal &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Shem" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Shem&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ("Masters of the  Name" of God, used for practical kabbalistic intervention and miracles),  who sought to offer the downtrodden masses spiritual and physical  encouragement, and practical healing. The image of these charismatic  figures, often wandering among the people, became shaped by the  Kabbalistic legend of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamed_Vav_Tzadikim" title="Lamed Vav  Tzadikim" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lamed Vav Tzadikim&lt;/a&gt; (36 hidden  righteous people who sustain the world). From these circles of spiritual  inspiration, the early Hasidic movement arose, led by Israel ben  Eliezer, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;Baal Shem Tov&lt;/a&gt;, in 18th Century &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia"&gt;Podolia&lt;/a&gt;  (now Ukraine). He attracted to his cause the preceding followers of the  ways of the Nistorim, who saw in his teachings a new direction in  reviving and consoling the masses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;At the time in Jewish &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Eastern Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Eastern Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  were also public preachers ("Maggidim"), who would visit the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuls" title="Shuls" class="mw-redirect"&gt;shuls&lt;/a&gt; (synagogues) of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetls" title="Shtetls" class="mw-redirect"&gt;shtetls&lt;/a&gt; (towns and villages). During their &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Sabbath" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Sabbath&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  sermons, they would sometimes seek to encourage Jewish observance with  ethical promises and warnings of Heaven and Hell. In their addresses,  they also supported the communal Rabbi in helping to teach those who  could not learn the spiritual and practical life of Jewish learning, and  offered personal examples of Jewish conduct. The &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Baal Shem Tov" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Baal Shem Tov&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  opposed their use of ethical admonishments of punishment, which lacked  love and inner spiritual values. Under the Hasidic movement, ideas of  reward and punishment were avoided, and were replaced by the spiritual  life of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dveikus" title="Dveikus" class="mw-redirect"&gt;dveikus&lt;/a&gt; (cleaving) to God in all daily conduct.  The Baal Shem Tov, and Hasidism, also opposed the earlier mystical and  ethical &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascetic" title="Ascetic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ascetic&lt;/a&gt; paths of fasting and self-mortification,  seeking to serve God by infusing physical activities with new spiritual  inspiration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Israel ben Eliezer"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Israel_ben_Eliezer"&gt;Israel ben Eliezer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisroel_ben_Eliezer_%28The_Baal_Shem_Tov%29" title="Yisroel ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yisroel  ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 691px; height: 519px;" alt="File:Ohel Baal Shem Tov.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ohel_Baal_Shem_Tov.jpg/800px-Ohel_Baal_Shem_Tov.jpg" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohel_Baal_Shem_Tov.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel_%28grave%29" title="Ohel  (grave)"&gt;Ohel&lt;/a&gt; over the grave of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;Baal  Shem Tov&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzhybizh" title="Medzhybizh"&gt;Medzhybizh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Synagogue Zabludlow.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Synagogue_Zabludlow.jpg" width="350" height="260" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synagogue_Zabludlow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_synagogues" title="Wooden  synagogues"&gt;Wooden synagogue&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab%C5%82ud%C3%B3w" title="Zabłudów"&gt;Zabłudów&lt;/a&gt;,  Poland, from the late 17th century. Rabbi Eliyahu &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem"&gt;Baal  Shem&lt;/a&gt; of Worms founded the 17th Century "Macheneh Yisrael-Nistarim"  Hidden Mystics movement to bring encouragement to the Jewish masses. &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Tradition records" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Tradition records&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  the young Israel ben Eliezer joining their ranks under Rabbi Adam Baal  Shem and guiding their outreach.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  The circle of Hasidism grew from its members&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 697px; height: 523px;" alt="File:20070609 001.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20070609_001.jpg/800px-20070609_001.jpg" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20070609_001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hasidism began in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia"&gt;Podolia&lt;/a&gt; and surrounding areas of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/a&gt;.  The disciples of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;Baal  Shem Tov&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber  of Mezeritch"&gt;Dov Ber of Mezeritch&lt;/a&gt; took the teachings to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Hungary" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Hungary&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28eastern_Europe%29" title="Galicia (eastern Europe)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Galicia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Galicia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Poland&lt;/a&gt; and  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Russia" title="White  Russia"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="White  Russia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;White Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  Some Masters such as the brothers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimelech_of_Lizhensk" title="Elimelech of Lizhensk"&gt;Elimelech&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zusha_of_Hanipol" title="Zusha of  Hanipol"&gt;Zusha&lt;/a&gt; continued the earlier practice of concealed wandering  among the common folk&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The founder of Hasidism, Israel ben Eliezer (1698–1760), became known  as the "Master of the Good Name" (the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;Baal  Shem Tov&lt;/a&gt;", abbreviated as the "Besht"). Following on from the  earlier communal tradition of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem"&gt;Baal  Shem&lt;/a&gt;, his fame as a healer spread not only among the Jews, but also  among the non-Jewish peasants and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta"&gt;Polish  nobles&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography"&gt;hagiography&lt;/a&gt; of oral stories about his life, that  were posthumously compiled in writing by his disciples, describe his  spiritual powers and knowledge, miracle working, and ability to predict  the future. In turn, these notions were passed on to his saintly  students and successors, and shaped the Hasidic doctrine of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzaddik" title="Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Tzaddik&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe"&gt;Rebbe&lt;/a&gt;  (righteous leader who channels Divine substenance to his followers). The  particular Hasidic emphasis and interpretation of this earlier Jewish  and Kabbalistic concept, became one of the ideas that singled it out  from non-Hasidic Judaism. The Hasidic concept of a Rebbe also combines  their role as a teacher of Judaism and as a charismatic spiritual  example. To their followers they teach Hasidic mysticism and  interpretations of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical" title="Biblical" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Biblical&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic  Judaism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Rabbinic  Judaism" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Rabbinic Judaism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The traditional accounts of his biography, describe the beginnings of  his life as a public teacher and leader of the Jewish people from his  36th birthday. His role and unique talent as a teacher and communicator  of mystical revival began a new era in Jewish mysticism. To the common  people, the Besht appeared wholly admirable. Characterized by an  extraordinary sincerity and simplicity, he sought to meet the spiritual  needs of the masses. He taught them that true Divine service consisted  not only of religious scholarship, but also of a sincere love of God  combined with warm faith and belief in the efficacy of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer"&gt;prayer&lt;/a&gt;;  that the ordinary person filled with a sincere &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="belief in God" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;belief in God&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  and whose prayers come from the heart, is more acceptable to God than  someone versed in and fully observant of Jewish law who lacks  inspiration in his divine service. This democratization of Judaism  attracted to the teachings of the Besht not only the common people, but  also the scholars whom the rabbinical &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism"&gt;scholasticism&lt;/a&gt;  and ascetic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt; failed to satisfy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;About 1740 the Besht established himself in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;Ukrainian&lt;/a&gt;  town of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzhybizh" title="Medzhybizh"&gt;Mezhebuzh&lt;/a&gt;. He gathered about him numerous  disciples and followers, whom he initiated into the secrets of his  teachings not by systematic exposition, but by means of sayings and  parables that contained both easily graspable insights, for the laymen,  and profound Kabbalistic depth, for the great scholars. These sayings  spread by oral transmission; later the founder's disciples set them in  writing, developing the thoughts of their master into a system. The  Besht himself wrote nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The seminal teachings of the Baal Shem Tov captured new ideas and  interpretations of Judaism, and were articulated and developed by his  students and successors. These ideas offered the unlearned a folk  spiritual revival, while also giving the scholarly elite a new depth and  approach to mysticism. Hasidism gave a ready response to the burning  desire of the common people, in the simple, stimulating, and comforting  faith it awakened in them. The scholars attracted to Hasidism, also  sought to learn selfless humility and simple sincerity from the common  folk. In contrast to other sectarian teaching, early Hasidism aimed not  at dogmatic or ritual reform, but at a deeper psychological one. It  aimed to change not the belief, but the believer. By means of  psychological suggestion, it created a new type of religious man, a type  that placed emotion above reason and rites, and religious exaltation  above knowledge. Traditional devotion to Jewish study and scholarship  was not replaced, but was spiritualised as a means to cleave to God. The  unlearned common folk were given spiritual enlivenment, as their  sincerity also made them close to God. The great activity of Jewish  study could, in contrast, offer the scholar spiritual peril, if it  contributed to their sense of ego, and therefore a barrier with God's  presence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The spread of Hasidism"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="The_spread_of_Hasidism"&gt;The spread of Hasidism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber  of Mezeritch"&gt;Dov Ber of Mezeritch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 693px; height: 452px;" alt="File:PikiWiki Israel 3530 Architecture of Israel.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PikiWiki_Israel_3530_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG/800px-PikiWiki_Israel_3530_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_3530_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hasidic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old  Yishuv"&gt;immigration&lt;/a&gt; to the Land of Israel began in the early  movement, including in 1777 the Hasidic leaders &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk"&gt;Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk&lt;/a&gt;,  Avraham of Kalisk and their followers&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 698px; height: 433px;" alt="File:На большой дороге. Отступление, бегство.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5._%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/800px-%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5._%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5._%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5,_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Napoleon's 1812 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia"&gt;invasion of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Russia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; brought the first  inroads of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Western Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Western Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  to Hasidism. Hasidic leadership divided in mystical interpretation of  events. In &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Poland" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Poland&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chozeh_of_Lublin" title="Chozeh of Lublin" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Chozeh of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Lublin" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Lublin&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisroel_Hopsztajn" title="Yisroel  Hopsztajn"&gt;Maggid of Kozhnitz&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Rimanov" title="Menachem Mendel of Rimanov"&gt;Menachem Mendel of Rimanov&lt;/a&gt; saw &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish  eschatology"&gt;Messianic potential&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog"&gt;turmoil&lt;/a&gt;.  Seeking to hasten Redemption they supported Napoleon. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Schneur Zalman of  Liadi&lt;/a&gt; in Russia saw &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish  emancipation"&gt;physical improvement&lt;/a&gt; but long term &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish  assimilation"&gt;spiritual danger&lt;/a&gt; from Napoleon and opposed&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Israel ben Eliezer's disciples attracted many followers, who  themselves established numerous Hasidic courts across &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"&gt;Europe&lt;/a&gt;.  After the Besht's death, followers continued his cause, under the  leadership of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid"&gt;Maggid&lt;/a&gt;, Rabbi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dovber of  Mezeritch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dov Ber of Mezritch&lt;/a&gt;. From his court  students went forth; they in turn attracted many Jews to Hasidism, and  many of them came to study in Mezritch (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhirichi" title="Mezhirichi"&gt;Mezhirichi&lt;/a&gt;)  with Dov Ber personally. By the 1830s the majority of Jews in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Ukraine" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Central_Europe%29" title="Galicia (Central Europe)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Galicia&lt;/a&gt;, and  central &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Poland&lt;/a&gt;  were Hasidic, as were substantial minorities in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"&gt;Belarus&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"&gt;Hungary&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"&gt;Romania&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Hasidic Judaism" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Hasidic Judaism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  began coming to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe"&gt;Western Europe&lt;/a&gt; and then to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United  States&lt;/a&gt; during the large waves of Jewish emigration in the 1880s.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;After the passing of Rabbi Dov Ber, his inner circle of followers,  known as the "Chevraya Kadisha," the Holy Fellowship, agreed to divide  up the whole of Europe into different territories, and have each one  charged with disseminating Hasidic teachings in his designated area.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hasidism branched out into two main divisions: (1) in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/a&gt;  and in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Galicia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Galicia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Central Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Central Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;)  and (2) in Litta (Greater &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Lithuania" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Lithuania&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from the time  when it encompassed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"&gt;Belarus&lt;/a&gt;). Three disciples of Dov Ber of Mezritch (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimelech_of_Lizhensk" title="Elimelech of Lizhensk"&gt;Elimelech of Lizhensk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Yitzchak_of_Berdychev" title="Levi Yitzchak of Berdychev" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Levi Yitzchak of  Berdychev&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Nachum_of_Chernobyl" title="Menachem Nachum of Chernobyl" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Menachem Nachum  of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Chernobyl" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Chernobyl&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), besides the  grandson of the Besht, Boruch of Tulchin (later R' Boruch of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzhibozh_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Medzhibozh (Hasidic dynasty)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mezhbizh&lt;/a&gt;),  directed the first of these divisions. Elimelech of Lizhensk fully  developed the belief in Tzaddikism as a fundamental doctrine of  Hasidism. In his book &lt;i&gt;No'am Elimelekh&lt;/i&gt; he conveys the idea of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik"&gt;Tzadik&lt;/a&gt;  ("righteous one") as the mediator between God and the common people, and  suggests that through him God sends to the faithful earthly blessings  in the three traditional categories: health and life, a livelihood, and  children, on the condition, however, that the Hasidim support the  Tzaddik by pecuniary contributions ("pidyonos"), in order to enable the  holy man to become completely absorbed in the contemplation of God.  Lithuanian Hasidim followed Rabbi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Zalman" title="Shneur Zalman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Shneur Zalman&lt;/a&gt; of Liadi, who founded &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad" title="Habad" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Habad&lt;/a&gt; Hasidism, and Rabbi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aharon_of_Karlin&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aharon of Karlin (page does not exist)"&gt;Aharon of  Karlin&lt;/a&gt;. The intellectual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad" title="Habad" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Habad&lt;/a&gt; method of Schneur Zalman, developed the  mind, in contrast to general Hasidism, as the fundamental route to  Hasidic spirituality. This articulation can therefore fully incorporate  the other dimensions of Judaism, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Philosophy" title="Jewish  Philosophy" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Jewish  Philosophy" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Jewish Philosophy&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Rabbinic  Judaism" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Rabbinic Judaism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  The Maggid directed Schneur Zalman to spread Hasidism in Belarus, as  his intellectual articulation could appeal to the Rabbinic opposition in  Vilna. Consequently, it posed more of a threat to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitnagdim" title="Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect score-0"&gt;Mitnagdim&lt;/a&gt;, and Schneur Zalman was  arrested and imprisoned in &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Saint Petersburg" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Saint Petersburg&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  by the Tzarist government on false charges, instigated by some of the  Jewish opposition. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad" title="Habad" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Habad&lt;/a&gt; tradition sees the reason  for the imprisonment as caused from Heavenly opposition to his new,  broader, intellectual dissemination of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_thought" title="Hasidic  thought" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hasidic thought&lt;/a&gt;, and his exoneration as  vindication from Heaven to begin the full dissemination of Hasidus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Subsequent influential and famous Hasidic thinkers and leaders  include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov"&gt;Nachman of Breslov&lt;/a&gt;, in Ukraine, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Kotzk" title="Menachem Mendel of Kotzk"&gt;Menachem Mendel of Kotzk&lt;/a&gt; in Poland,  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisroel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn" title="Yisroel Friedman of Ruzhyn" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yisroel Friedman  of Ruzhyn&lt;/a&gt; in Russia. Nachman of Breslov is seen as the most  imaginatively creative Hasidic thinker, while Menachem Mendel of Kotzk  overturned the traditional view of the Tzaddik, in pursuit of truthful  introspection and integrity. The spiritual meaning of Tzaddikic grandeur  reached its fullest form in the regal majesty of the court of Yisroel  Friedman. In the &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="19th Century" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;19th Century&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  flourishing of Hasidism, leadership succession usually became dynastic,  rather than inherited by the greatest or most charismatic student. Each  Hasidic court established itself in the scattered &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetls" title="Shtetls" class="mw-redirect"&gt;shtetls&lt;/a&gt; across &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Eastern Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Eastern Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  and adopted their names, often in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yiddish&lt;/a&gt; form, for their approach to Hasidic  thought and life. Where the Hasidic approach of a group was profound or  influential, the spiritual vitality of their leadership remained  charismatic or great, such as in the Polish dynasty of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Ger  (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Ger&lt;/a&gt; (derived from Menachem Mendel of Kotzk), or  the Belarusian dynasty of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubavitch" title="Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lubavitch&lt;/a&gt; (the intellectual branch of Hasidism  founded by Schneur Zalman of Liadi). In these examples, often their  leaders combined Hasidic spirituality with traditional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic  Judaism"&gt;Rabbinic&lt;/a&gt; greatness of scholarship in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud"&gt;Talmud&lt;/a&gt;.  This synthesis helped dissolve much of the early opposition to Hasidism  by the Rabbinic civilization of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jewish_Orthodoxy" title="Lithuanian Jewish Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lithuanian  Jewish Orthodoxy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbinic opposition"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Rabbinic_opposition"&gt;Rabbinic opposition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim"&gt;Misnagdim&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" title="Lithuanian Jews"&gt;Lithuanian Jews&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 532px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilna_Gaon_authentic_portrait.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Vilna_Gaon_authentic_portrait.JPG/130px-Vilna_Gaon_authentic_portrait.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="130" height="178" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilna_Gaon_authentic_portrait.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Vilna Gaon" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Vilna Gaon&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1720-1797),  head of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" title="Lithuanian Jews"&gt;Lithuanian&lt;/a&gt; centred &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitnagdim" title="Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect"&gt;opposition&lt;/a&gt; to Hasidism. In 1777 and 1781 he was  involved in placing Hasidism under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherem" title="Cherem"&gt;Cherem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 532px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Schneur Zalman of Liadi.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi.jpg" width="331" height="425" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; In 1774 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Schneur Zalman of  Liadi&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk"&gt;Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk&lt;/a&gt;,  Hasidic leaders of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Russia" title="White Russia"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="White  Russia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;White Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,  tried to meet the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon"&gt;Vilna Gaon&lt;/a&gt; but were not received&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Early on, a serious &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_%28religion%29" title="Schism  (religion)"&gt;schism&lt;/a&gt; evolved between the Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews.  Those &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"&gt;European&lt;/a&gt;  Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement dubbed themselves &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim"&gt;misnagdim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  (literally, "opponents"). Critics of Hasidic Judaism:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;decried the apparently novel Hasidic emphasis on different aspects  of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha"&gt;Jewish  law&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;found problematic the overwhelming exuberance of Hasidic worship;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;expressed concern that Hasidism might become a deviant &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" title="Messianic Jewish theology"&gt;messianic&lt;/a&gt; sect (similar to what  had occurred among the followers of both &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbatai_Zvi" title="Shabbatai Zvi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Shabbatai Zvi&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Frank" title="Jacob Frank"&gt;Jacob  Frank&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Some other important differences between hasidim and &lt;i&gt;misnagdim&lt;/i&gt;  included:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hasidism believed in miracle workers; they believed that the &lt;i&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Ba'al" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Ba'al&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt; &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Shem" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Shem&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  Tov&lt;/i&gt; and some of his disciples literally performed miracles. Stories  of their miracles became a part of Hasidic literature. The Misnagdim  held such views as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy"&gt;heretical&lt;/a&gt;, based on classical rabbinic works such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon"&gt;Saadia  Gaon&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emunoth_ve-Deoth" title="Emunoth ve-Deoth"&gt;Emunoth ve-Deoth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. (Ultimately, their  descendants were to regularly tell similar stories about respected  Misnagdic leaders.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hasidic philosophy (&lt;i&gt;chasidus&lt;/i&gt;) holds as a core belief that God  permeates all physical objects in nature, including all living beings.  According to the sixth &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad"&gt;Lubavitcher&lt;/a&gt; rebbe, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchok_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn"&gt;Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Baal Shem Tov" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Baal Shem Tov&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  used to say, that &lt;i&gt;God is all and all is God&lt;/i&gt;. In opposition many  Jewish religious rationalists misunderstood this seemingly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism"&gt;pantheistic&lt;/a&gt;  doctrine as a violation against the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides"&gt;Maimonidean&lt;/a&gt;  principle of faith that God is not physical, and thus considered it  heretical. In fact, Hasidic philosophy, especially the Chabad school,  views all physical and psychological phenomena as relative and  illusionary; God, the absolute reality in itself, is beyond all physical  or even spiritual concepts and boundaries.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hasidism teaches that there are sparks of goodness in all things,  which can be redeemed to perfect the world. Many held such a view to be  false and dangerous.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On a more prosaic level, other &lt;i&gt;misnagdim&lt;/i&gt; regarded hasidim as  pursuing a less scholarly approach to Judaism, and opposed the movement  for this reason. At one point Hasidic Jews were put in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherem" title="Cherem"&gt;cherem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  (a Jewish form of communal excommunication); after years of bitter  acrimony, a rapprochement occurred between Hasidic Jews and their  opponents within &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Orthodox Judaism&lt;/a&gt;. The reconciliation took  place in response to the perceived even greater threat of the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskala" title="Haskala" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Haskala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, or Jewish Enlightenment. Despite  this, the distinctions between the various sects of Hasidim and other  Orthodox Jews remain, although now, there is almost no conflict between  these two groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century consolidation and changes in Jewish  society"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century_consolidation_and_changes_in_Jewish_society"&gt;19th  century consolidation and changes in Jewish society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" title="Hasidic  dynasties" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hasidic dynasties&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah"&gt;Haskalah&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements"&gt;Jewish political movements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 527px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Joseph Perl.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Joseph_Perl.jpg/438px-Joseph_Perl.jpg" width="438" height="599" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Perl.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Perl" title="Joseph Perl"&gt;Joseph  &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Perl" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Perl&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1773–1839)  satirised Hasidism. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah"&gt;Haskalah&lt;/a&gt; was born in Western assimilation, but  sought inroad into Eastern traditionalism. It denigrated the mystical,  while seeking religious &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism" title="Reform movement in Judaism"&gt;reform&lt;/a&gt;. Later &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements"&gt;movements&lt;/a&gt; sought to leave  Judaism. Orthodoxy responded with Western &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah  im Derech Eretz"&gt;synthesis&lt;/a&gt; and Eastern &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi  Judaism"&gt;rejection&lt;/a&gt; that united Hasidim and Mitnagdim&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The mid-19th Century saw the founding burst of Hasidic leadership and  innovative spirituality channelled into consolidated &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" title="Hasidic  dynasties" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hasidic dynastic&lt;/a&gt; courts. The original  founding figures of Hasidism reinvigorated traditional Jewish society  by charismatic example and teaching. Under the Maggid, leadership became  organised into a structured movement. The subsequent leadership, now  dispersed across Eastern Europe, became most often passed down through  select family descent. Each court became known after the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl"&gt;shtetl&lt;/a&gt; of  origin, encapsulating the thought and style of Hasidism of each group.  This focus could allow deeper development of each distinctive path in  Hasidism, while alternatively diminishing the founding revolutionary  impulse. In the organised Hasidic society, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe"&gt;Rebbe&lt;/a&gt;  superseded the traditional legal authority and influence of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din"&gt;Beth din&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav" title="Rav"&gt;Rav&lt;/a&gt; that  had formerly led communal and personal welfare.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the mid 19th-Century the influence of modern changes in Jewish  society arrived East from the Western European secularising &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah"&gt;Haskalah&lt;/a&gt;  (Jewish "Intellectualism") movement. While the unsuccessful 1812 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="French  invasion of Russia" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;French invasion of Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  by Napoleon had sought to bring &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish  emancipation"&gt;Jewish emancipation&lt;/a&gt; from the non-Jewish political  structures of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Poland" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Poland&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  and &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Russia" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  Haskalah sought to reform and rationalise Jewish thought and life from  within the Jewish community, to form an image of Jewish observance in  the character of non-Jewish modernity. In this it differed from the  Deist philosophical impulse of the European &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of  Enlightenment"&gt;Enlightenment&lt;/a&gt;. Haskalah focused special hostility to  the mysticism of Hasidism, publishing critiques and satires of Hasidic  fervour. The emergent early &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism" title="Reform movement in Judaism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Reform  movement" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Reform movement&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt; in  Judaism&lt;/a&gt; rejected traditional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachic" title="Halachic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Halachic&lt;/a&gt; methodology of Talmudic thought, and  dismissed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah"&gt;Kabbalah&lt;/a&gt;. Later 20th Century non-Othodox &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_denominations" title="Jewish  denominations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jewish denominations&lt;/a&gt; would  rediscover value in traditional thought and observance, and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Hasidic" title="Neo-Hasidic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Neo-Hasidic&lt;/a&gt; adoption of Hasidic mysticism. When  the attempts of the Maskilim in influencing Hasidic and Mitnagdic pious  thought in &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Eastern Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Eastern Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  met with little success, they sought to enlist non-Jewish governmental  decrees in their educational aims. To the intensely inward focused  spiritualities of Judaism in Eastern Europe and its leadership, the  campaigns of the Maskilim represented the antithesis of their fervour,  thought and societies. In Germany, an Orthodox synthesis between the  best of Western thought and committed Jewish learning was developed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson  Raphael Hirsch"&gt;Samson Raphael Hirsch&lt;/a&gt;. The Eastern Judaisms of  Hasidic and Lithuanian leadership saw his proposition as possible only  as a last resort in the already assimilating environment of Germany. The  threat of Haskalah helped heal the division between Hasidism and  Mitnagdim, as they saw a common goal in protecting sincere Jewish  observance of the common folk, and the elite traditional thought and  learning of the great &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva"&gt;Yeshiva&lt;/a&gt; academies and Hasidic courts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 592px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Hasidic boys in Poland.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg" width="398" height="244" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hasidic boys in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź"&gt;Łódź&lt;/a&gt;  in the 1910s&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, more radical secular  ideaologies reached traditional Jewish society in Eastern Europe. These &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements"&gt;Jewish political movements&lt;/a&gt; sought  to replace adherence to Judaism with beliefs in Jewish socialism or  nationalism. Here too synthesis could sometimes be made from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism"&gt;radical aspects&lt;/a&gt; of Hasidic  thought, or from the later development of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious  Zionism"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Religious  Zionism" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Religious Zionism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  However, mainstream Hasidic and Mitnagdic leadership was opposed to any  replacement of Talmudic and Hasidic thought and fervour from its  centrality in Eastern European Judaism. The development of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic  philosophy"&gt;Hasidic philosophy&lt;/a&gt; in its diverse expressions offered  consolation to the unlearned, while satisfying the mystical thirst and  theological depth of elite students. Its inner spiritual concepts  underscored the Rabbinic rejection of secular ideologies.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Orthodoxy responded with political organisation under the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World  Agudath Israel"&gt;Agudah&lt;/a&gt;, while the ethical &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussar_movement" title="Mussar  movement"&gt;Mussar movement&lt;/a&gt; amongst non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jews  offered spiritual psychological development as an alternative to outward  political involvement, and allowed a bridge to the mysticism of Hasidic  thought.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" title="Edit section: In the Soviet Union and the Holocaust"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_Holocaust"&gt;In  the Soviet Union and the Holocaust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 697px; height: 523px;" alt="File:Statue of settlers Birobidzhan.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_settlers_Birobidzhan.JPG/800px-Statue_of_settlers_Birobidzhan.JPG" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_settlers_Birobidzhan.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Statue of settlers on the railway station in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan"&gt;Birobidzhan&lt;/a&gt;,  centre of the Communist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast"&gt;Jewish Autonomous Oblast&lt;/a&gt;. In  Communist Russia, Hasidim worked underground to continue Jewish  observance&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 562px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_the_hospital.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/In_the_hospital.jpg/160px-In_the_hospital.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="160" height="109" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_the_hospital.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekusiel_Yehudah_Halberstam" title="Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam"&gt;Klausenberger Rebbe&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Cluj-Napoca" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Cluj-Napoca&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  in Romania, was among Hasidic leaders in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi  concentration camps"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Nazi  concentration camps" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Nazi concentration camps&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  He was renowned for his kindness and erudition&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik"&gt;Bolshevik&lt;/a&gt; revolution and the rise of Communism in  Russia saw the disintegration of the Hasidic centers such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubavitch" title="Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lubavitch&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslow" title="Breslow"&gt;Breslov&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Chernobyl" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Chernobyl&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzhin" title="Ruzhin" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ruzhin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many Hasidim, primarily those following the Chabad school, but also  the Tshernobler Rebbe and the Ribnitzer Rebbe, remained in the Soviet  Union (primarily in Russia), intent on preserving Judaism as a religion  in the face of increasing Soviet opposition. With &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva"&gt;yeshivos&lt;/a&gt;  and instruction in Hebrew outlawed, synagogues seized by the government  and transformed into secular community centers, and Jewish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision"&gt;circumcision&lt;/a&gt;  forbidden to all members of the Communist Party, most Hasidim took part  in the general Jewish religious underground movement. Many became  so-called "wandering clerics", traveling from village to village and  functioning as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan"&gt;chazzanim&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita"&gt;shochtim&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel"&gt;mohels&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi"&gt;rabbis&lt;/a&gt;  wherever such services were needed. These figures were often imprisoned  and sometimes executed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Nazi invasion into the interior of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="European Russia" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;European Russia&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  in 1941 destroyed the remaining Hasidic communities in the former &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of  Settlement"&gt;Pale of Settlement&lt;/a&gt; under the first mass destruction of  the Holocaust. The Hasidic communities were therefore disproportionatly  decimated. Subsequently, the Hasidim of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Central Europe" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Central Europe&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  were transported to the Nazi camps in occupied Poland. Some Hasidic  leaders, reluctant to leave their followers, found late exit to safety.  Some survived in the camps, personifying spirituality against the  adversity. Together with the accounts of others in the ghettos and on  the way to "sancifying God" through their martydom, their stories form a  new literature of Hasidic Holocaust tales. Hasidic mystical persectives  on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology"&gt;Holocaust theology&lt;/a&gt; are less well known  than more Westernised Jewish theologians.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Post War rebuilding of Hasidic life"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Post_War_rebuilding_of_Hasidic_life"&gt;Post  War rebuilding of Hasidic life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" title="List of Hasidic dynasties"&gt;List of Hasidic dynasties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 522px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Joel teitelbaum.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Joel_teitelbaum.jpg" width="245" height="320" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joel_teitelbaum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Inward Hasidic expression: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel  Teitelbaum"&gt;Joel Teitelbaum&lt;/a&gt; of Satmar led amongst post-War  rebuilding of Hasidism. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar" title="Satmar"&gt;Satmar&lt;/a&gt; represents internal communal piety, outside  the influence of secular trends. He extended previous theological &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim  and Zionism"&gt;anti-Zionism&lt;/a&gt;, based on Talmudic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Oaths" title="Three Oaths"&gt;interpretation&lt;/a&gt;,  rather than &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy"&gt;Hasidic philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 552px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Chabad5.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Chabad5.jpg" width="607" height="552" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chabad5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Outward Hasidic expression: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" title="Chabad  Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Chabad  Lubavitch" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Chabad Lubavitch&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslov_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Breslov&lt;/a&gt; dynasties are part of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" title="Baal  teshuva movement"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Baal  teshuva" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Baal teshuva&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  movement&lt;/a&gt; revival. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson"&gt;Menachem Mendel Schneerson&lt;/a&gt; led  post-War Hasidic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_outreach" title="Chabad outreach"&gt;outreach&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashana_kibbutz" title="Rosh  Hashana kibbutz"&gt;Pilgrimage&lt;/a&gt; to the grave of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of  Breslov"&gt;Nachman of Breslov&lt;/a&gt;, and Breslov mystical creativity,  attracts bohemian spiritual seekers&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The  Holocaust"&gt;Holocaust&lt;/a&gt; brought final destruction to all Hasidic  centers of Eastern &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"&gt;Europe&lt;/a&gt;. Most survivors moved eventually to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"&gt;Israel&lt;/a&gt; or  to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="America" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;America&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and established  new centers of &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Hasidic Judaism" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Hasidic Judaism&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  modeled after their original communities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Some of the larger and more well-known Hasidic sects that still exist  include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belz_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Belz" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Belz&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobov_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Bobov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslov_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Breslov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Ger  (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Ger&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad"&gt;Lubavitch  (Chabad)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkacs_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Munkacs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppa_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Puppa (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Puppa&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausenburg_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Sanz (Klausenburg)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Satmar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skver_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Skver&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinka_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Spinka&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhnitz_%28Hasidic_dynasty%29" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)"&gt;Vizhnitz&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The largest groups in Israel today are Ger, Chabad, Belz, Satmar,  Breslov, Vizhnitz, Seret-Vizhnitz, Nadvorna, and Toldos Aharon. In the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United  States&lt;/a&gt; the largest are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar" title="Satmar"&gt;Satmar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobov" title="Bobov" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bobov&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubavitch" title="Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lubavitch&lt;/a&gt; all centered in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn"&gt;Brooklyn&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New  York&lt;/a&gt; (Reb Aharon's Satmar camp is centered in &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Kiryas Joel" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Kiryas Joel&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  while Reb Zalman is Williamsburg) and Skver (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Square,_New_York" title="New  Square, New York"&gt;New Square&lt;/a&gt;) in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Rockland  County" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Rockland County&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,  New York. Large Hasidic communities also exist in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremont,_Quebec" title="Outremont,  Quebec"&gt;Outremont&lt;/a&gt; borough of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal"&gt;Montreal&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikesville" title="Pikesville" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Pikesville&lt;/a&gt; and Northwest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore"&gt;Baltimore&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a class="score-0" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland"&gt;Maryland&lt;/a&gt;; Lakewood, NJ, Bathurst St. in North York,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto"&gt;Toronto&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp"&gt;Antwerp&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne"&gt;Melbourne&lt;/a&gt;,  the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_District,_Los_Angeles,_California" title="Fairfax District, Los Angeles, California"&gt;Fairfax&lt;/a&gt;  neighborhood of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles"&gt;Los Angeles&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Park&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherman Park (page does not exist)"&gt;Sherman Park&lt;/a&gt;  neighborhood of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee"&gt;Milwaukee&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota" title="St.  Louis Park, Minnesota"&gt;St. Louis Park&lt;/a&gt;, a Minneapolis suburb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There are probably close to half a million Hasidic Jews worldwide.  The two main Hasidic communities in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United  States&lt;/a&gt; are located in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"&gt;New  York City&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles"&gt;Los Angeles&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"&gt;New  York City&lt;/a&gt; the neighborhoods include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Park" title="Borough Park" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Borough  Park" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Borough Park&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn"&gt;Williamsburg&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown  Heights, Brooklyn"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Crown  Heights" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Crown Heights&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in  the borough of Brooklyn, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey,_New_York" title="Monsey, New  York"&gt;Monsey&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_%28village%29,_New_York" title="Monroe (village), New York"&gt;Monroe&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Square,_New_York" title="New  Square, New York"&gt;New Square&lt;/a&gt; which are farther upstate. In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles"&gt;Los  Angeles&lt;/a&gt; the neighborhoods include &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Hancock Park" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Hancock Park&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;,  La Brea-Beverly, the Fairfax District, &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Valley Village" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Valley Village&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  and the Pico-Robertson area. There is also a sizable and growing  Hasidic community in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood, New Jersey" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lakewood, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;,  which was once a center of mainly Litvish and Yeshiva Orthodox Jews and  other areas of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"&gt;New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;. Outside of the United States the  largest Hasidic community is in Israel, located mainly in &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Jerusalem" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  and its adjacent areas, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Beit_Shemesh" title="Ramat Beit  Shemesh" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ramat Beit Shemesh&lt;/a&gt; and also the  religious city of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak"&gt;Bnei Brak&lt;/a&gt;. The vast majority of Hasidic Jews live  either in the United States or Israel but there exist large communities  in Canada (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Montreal" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Montreal&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United  Kingdom"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Britain" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Britain&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (mostly in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill"&gt;Stamford  Hill&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" onclick="___yoonoLink.onYoonoClick(this)" keywords="Belgium" class="yoono-link-hover yoono-link-active-link"&gt;Belgium&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;  (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp"&gt;Antwerp&lt;/a&gt;)  also. Hasidic Jews are known for having large families and as a result  are experiencing tremendous growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A 2009 article published by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="University  of Florida" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;University of Florida&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  stated that the growth of Hasidic Judaism may cause Jewish politics in  the US to shift towards the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing" title="Right-wing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;political right&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Hasidic thought"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Hasidic_thought"&gt;Hasidic thought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic  philosophy"&gt;Hasidic philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 512px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="File:Besht11.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Besht11.jpg" width="567" height="425" /&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Besht11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Interior of the rebuilt synagogue of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov"&gt;&lt;yoono-highlight onmouseout="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOut(this)" onmouseover="___yoonoLink.onYoonoOver(event,this)" keywords="Baal Shem  Tov" class="yoono-link-hover"&gt;Baal Shem Tov&lt;/yoono-highlight&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzhybizh" title="Medzhybizh"&gt;Medzhybizh&lt;/a&gt;,  Ukraine. The diverse streams of Hasidic thought trace from different  adaptions of the Baal Shem Tov's Torah and influence. Hasidic  historiography depicts other great Hasidic figures as possessing similar  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik"&gt;holiness&lt;/a&gt;  and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" title="Ruach  HaKodesh"&gt;spiritual perception&lt;/a&gt; to various degrees.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Where the Baal Shem Tov began new, higher spiritual innovation, they  investigated, extended or applied the teachings into wide variety of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title
